Thursday, 1 June 2017

வணிகவியல் பாடம் 7.கூட்டுறவு சங்கம்

7. $l;LwT rq;fk;
gFjp - m

I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.

1. $l;LwTr; rq;fk; njhlq;fg;gLtJ
m) fpuhkq;fspy; kl;Lk;              M) fpuhkq;fspYk; efuq;fspYk;
,) ngUefuq;fspYk; kl;Lk;  <) efu;g;Gwq;fspy; kl;Lk;
2.$l;Lwtpy; Fiwe;jgl;r cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 2       M) 7       ,) 10            <) 25
3. gq;fhjhak; $l;Lwtpy; . . . . . . . mbg;gilapy; cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) gq;FKjy;     M) gq;Ffs; thq;fpa vz;zpf;ifapy;
  ,) Mjutpd; mbg;gilapy; <) ,it VJk; ,y;iy
4. $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhdJ
m) ,yhgk; <l;LtJ           M) cWg;gpdu;fspd; ed;ikf;Nf ,d;wpaikahj Nritia epu;thfk; nra;Tj    ,) rKjhaj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahj Nritia nra;jy;
<) rKjhaj;jpw;F NghJkhd jukhd nghUl;fisj; jUtJ.
5. $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fspd; gq;F
m) khw;w KbAk; M) jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jf; $baJ
,) khw;w KbahJ <) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy
6. $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; cr;r msT
m) 5            M) 60                ,) 100           <) tiuaiwapy;iy
7. xU $l;LwTr; rpwg;gq;fhb mspg;gJ
m) fld;         M) Nrit        ,) ruf;Ffs;      <) nuhf;fk;
8. Kjd; Kjypy; Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT ntw;wpfukhf tpsq;fpa ehL
m) ,q;fpyhe;J          M) mnkupf;fh          ,) Rtp];   <) ,e;jpah
9. rpWghz;ikapdu; eyj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; njhopy; mikg;G
m) jdp tzpfk;   M) $l;lhz;ik    ,) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;   <) nghJepWkk;
10. kj;jpa $l;LwT tq;fp njhlq;fg;gLtJ
m) fpuhkq;fspy;              M) khtl;l jiyefuq;fspy;    
,) khepyj; jiyefuq;fspy;                <) efh;g;Gwq;fspy;
11. xt;nthUtUk; midtUf;fhf> midtUk; xt;nthUtUf;fhf mjd; rpj;jhe;jk;
m) nghJ epWkk;   M) $l;LwT ,) $l;lhz;ik    <) jdp epWkk;
12. uhf;Nly; Efh;Nthh; $l;LwT rq;fk; Jtq;fg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1944          M) 1844    ,) 1902          <) 1904
13. $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij
m) jhy;kfp       M) fhNtl; ,) ,uhgh;l; Xtd; <) Nyk;ghh;l;
14. $l;LwT ,th;fSf;F Nrit nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; Jtq;fg;gl;l  mikg;ghFk;
m) fldhspfs;    M) kf;fs;   ,) thbf;ifahsh;fs;     <) cWg;gpdh;fs;
15. $l;LwT ehzar; rq;fj;ij  . . .. . . . . . . % gq;fhjhakhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) 9       M) 19           ,)10       <)25
II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:
1.   Nfhg;gnuup vd;w ,yj;jPd; nkhopapd; nghUs;; ...................
2.   $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij ...................
3.   .................... tpOf;fhL kl;LNk gq;fhjhakhf gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4.   $l;LwTr; rq;f cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;G ...................
5.   gq;F khw;wfk; mDkjpf;fg;gLk; mikg;G .......... > gq;F khw;wfk; jiltpjpf;fg;gl;l mikg;G ............
6.   $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; Nkyhz;ik .................... nfhz;lJ.
7.   cWg;gpdu; Nrit vd;gJ ,jd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;...................
8.   Ntshz;ik fld; rq;fk; (m) Cuf ehzar; rq;fk; ................... vd gpupf;fg;gLk;.
9.   cw;gj;jpahsu; $l;LwT rq;fj;ij mikg;gJ ...................
10.  rpwg;gq;fhbfs; vdg;gLtJ Ngustpy; nray;gLk; ................... mikg;G.
11.  $l;LwT rq;f mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; ....................
12.  rpwg;gq;fhb vd;gJ Ngustpy; nray;gLk; ................... mikg;G
tpilfs;:

I1.fpuhkq;fspYk; efuq;fspYk;: 2) 25: 3) Mjutpd; mbg;gilapy;: 4) cWg;gpdu;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf ,d;wpaikahj Nritia epu;thfk; nra;tJ: 5) jpUg;gp nrYj;jf; $baJ. 6) tiuaiwapy;iy: 7) ruf;Ffs;: 8) ,q;fpyhe;J: 9) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;: 10) khtl;l jiyefuq;fspy;: 11) $l;LwT 12) 1844: 13) ,uhgu;l; Xtd;: 14) cWg;gpdu;fs;: 15) 9:

II1. ,ize;J gzpahw;Wjy;: 2) ,uhgul; Xtd;: 3) 9%Kjy; 14% tiu 4) tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ: 5) $l;Lg; gq;F epWkk;> $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;: 6) kf;fshl;rpj; jd;ik 7) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;:        8) gpujk ehzar; rq;fq;fs;:
 9) rpW njhopy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;: 10) rpy;yiw tzpfk;:               11)  Nrit nra;jy;        12)rpy;yiw tpahghu

gFjp - M
1.$l;Lwit tiuaW?
     H.G. fhy;Ntu;l; ,yf;fzg; gb$l;LwTr; rq;fk; vd;gJ> cWg;gpdu;fs; jq;fspd; nghUshjhu eyidg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf kdpju; vd;w Kiwapy; rkj;Jt mbg;gilapy;> kf;fs; mtu;fshfNt xd;WgLk; xU mikg;ghFk;.

2.,uhf;FNly; Kd;Ndhbfs; vd;gtu; ahu;?
     ,uhgu;l; Xtd; vd;gtu; $l;Lwtpd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;.Kjy; $l;LwT ,af;fj;ij  1844k; Mz;L  28 cWg;gpdu;fSld; ,uhf;FNly; vd;w ngaupy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.  ,JNt $l;LwT mikg;GfSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ug;gjhy; ,r;rq;fk; ,uhf;FNly; Kd;Ndhbfs; rq;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

3. xU egu; xU thf;F vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
v  $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; Nkyhz;ik xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w  kf;fshl;rpj; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
v  $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fs; vt;tsT gq;Ffs; itj;jpUe;jhYk; xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w mbg;gilapy;  gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;J mtuplk; Nkyhz;ikia  xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. jdf;Fj; jhNd cjtp> gu];gu cjtp vd;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
     $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpYs;s xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; gu];gu cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ $l;Lwtpd; mbg;gilj; jj;JtkhFk;. xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; jdf;Fj; jhNd cjtp nra;J nfhz;L gpwUf;Fk; cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

5. $l;LwT ehzar; rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
,jd; Nehf;fk;:
1.cWg;gpdu;fSf;F FWfpafhy epjp cjtp mspj;jy;.
2.mjpf tl;bf;F gzk; jUk; fldPe;NjhuplkpUe;J cWg;gpdu;fisf; fhj;jy;.

6. Efu;Nthu; $l;Lwtpd; nghUis tpsf;Ff?
,d;wpaikahj nghUs;fis epahakhd tpiyapy; ngWtjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapYs;s Efu;Nthu;fs; xd;wpize;J elj;jg;gLk; mikg;G Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT mikg;ghFk;. ,jw;F Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT gz;lfrhiy vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
    
7. jkpo;ehl;bYs;s $l;LwT rpwg;gq;fhbfspd; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisj; jUf?
1. nrd;idapYs;s fhkNjD rpwg;gq;fhb.
2. <NuhL> Nfhit kw;Wk; jpUr;rpapYs;s rpe;jhkzp rpwg;gq;fhb.
3. NtY}upy; cs;s fw;gfk; rpwg;gq;fhb.
4. Nryj;jpYs;s nghd;dp $l;LwT rpwg;gq;fhb.

8. $l;LwT rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
$l;LwT mikg;gpd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fk; Nrit GhptjhFk;. ,yhgk; <l;LtJ ,uz;lhtJ Nehf;fkhFk;. cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fj; Njitahd  fld; trjp mspj;jy;> tPL fl;Ltjw;F fld; toq;fy;> tpijfs;> cuq;fs; mspj;jy; Nghd;w gy Nritfs; ,e;jr; rq;fq;fshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

9. $l;LwTr; re;ijapLjy; vd;gJ gw;wp ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ?
Ø  cWg;gpdu;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUs;fSf;F epahakhd tpiy fpilf;f$l;LwT re;ijapLjy; rq;fk; cjtp GupfpwJ.
Ø  ,r;rq;fk; cWg;gpdu;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUs;fis thq;fp re;ijapy; ey;y tpiy fplf;Fk; nghOJ tpw;gid nra;fpwJ.
Ø  ,ilj;jufu;fis ePf;fp cWg;gpdu;fspd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUSf;F ey;y tpiy fpilf;fr; nra;fpwJ. 
Ø  ,r;rq;fk; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Kd;gz trjpiaAk;> fld; trjpiaAk; nra;J jUfpwJ.
10. Ntshz;ikf; fld; rq;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
     nghJthf xU fpuhkj;jpYs;s tptrhapfshy; mikf;fg;gLk; fld; rq;fk; Ntshz; fld; rq;fkhFk;. ,J tptrhak; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp rhuh Nehf;fq;fSf;F fld; trjp mspf;fpwJ. ,r;rq;fk; Cuf ehza rq;fq;fs; my;yJ gpujk ehza rq;fq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
11. $l;LwT gz;lfrhiy vd;why; vd;d?
     $l;LwTg; gz;lfrhiy mjpfkhf fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tptrhag; nghUs;fis Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; trjpia cWg;gpdu;fSf;F mspf;fpwJ.  NkYk;> KbTngw;w nghUs;fis re;ijapy; ey;y tpiy fplf;Fk; tiu Nrkpj;J itf;f cjTfpwJ.

12.$l;LwT rq;fj;jpd; ehd;F rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit ?
  1. gyu; jd;dpr;irahf NrUk; mikg;ghFk;
  2. $l;LwT rq;fj;jpy; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSk; rkk;
  3. xU egUf;F xU thf;F
  4. xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; gu];gu cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w jj;Jtk;
  5. nuhf;f tpw;gid mbg;gilapy; tpahghuk;
  6. Cf thzpfk; jtpu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
  7. cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; Nrit GuptJ.

13. Ntshz;ik rhuh fld; rhuh rq;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
     ,r;rq;fq;fs; eLj;ju kw;Wk; Fiwe;j tUthAs;s kf;fSf;F cjtp Gupa njhlq;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,jd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fk; gytifahd Nritfis cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Fiwe;j nrytpy; nra;J jUtjhFk;.
,jd; gy;NtW tiffs;:
1.   Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT
2.   cw;gj;jpahsu; $l;LwT
3.   $l;LwT tPl;L trjp rq;fk;.
4.   $l;LwT gz;lfrhiy.

14. MjuTg; gq;fhjhak; vd;why; vd;d?
Ø  $l;LwTr; rq;fk; jdJ Mz;L ,yhgj;ij cWg;gpdu;fspd; gq;fspg;G mbg;gilapy; gfpu;e;jspf;fpwJ.
Ø  $l;LwT mikg;G <l;ba ,yhgj;jpy; rl;lG+h;t xJf;fPL Nghf 14%f;Fk; kpfhky;  gq;fhjhak; toq;;fyhk;.
Ø   kPjpAs;s ,yhgj;ij cWg;gpdu;fs; rq;fj;jpd; Nritia ve;j msTf;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;fNsh mjd; mbg;gilapy; NkY}jpakhf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F gfpu;T ePjp my;yJ MjuTg; gq;fhjhak; vd;W ngau;.
15. $l;LwT rpwg;gq;fhbfs; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk; jUf.
     M.M. [pk;ku; Nkd;; ,yf;fzg; gb 
v  Ngustpy; elj;jg;gLk; rpy;yiw tpahghu mikg;G MFk;.
v   rpy;iyiu tpw;gid nra;Ak; Jiwthup mikg;G ehd;F Jiwfisf; nfhz;lJ.
v  mjhtJ kspifg; nghUs; RaNritg; gpupT> khkprg;gpupT> ghy;gz;izg; nghUl;fs;>tPl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs; tpw;gid nra;Ak; ,lk;.
v  rYif mbg;gilapy; Jiwfis Fj;jiff;F Vw;W elj;Jkplk; rpwg;gq;fhb MFk;.


gFjp - ,

1. $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; FiwghLfis  tptupf;f?
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; FiwghLfs;:
1.  jpwikaw;w Nkyhz;ik:
$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspYs;s cWg;gpdu;fs;> mikg;ig Nkyhz;ik nra;a NghJkhd jpwikAk; mDgtKk; ,y;yhjtu;fshfTk;> Mu;tkpy;yhjtu;fshfTk;  ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
2.  tiuaW Kjy; (m) Fiwe;jsT Kjy;:
Fiwe;j tsq;fs; cs;s kdpju;fshy; $l;LwT rq;;fk;  mikf;fg;gLtjhYk;> xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w KiwAk;  cWg;gpdu;fs; mjpf KjyPL nra;tij jilnra;fpwJ.
3.  jf;f J}z;LNfhypd;ik:
,yhg Nehf;F ,y;yhikAk;> Nkyhz;ik nra;gtupd; nghWg;G Fiwa fhuzkhfpwJ. gzpahsu;fs; Fiwe;j Cjpak; ngWtjhy; ciog;gpy; Mu;tk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
4.  xw;Wikapz;ik:
rpy Ntisfspy; cWg;gpdu;fs; mtu;fSf;Fs; xw;Wikaha; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; $l;LwT mikg;gpd; tpahghuk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.  cupikia khw;w ,ayhik:
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; gq;Ffis xUtuplkpUe;J kw;wtUf;F khw;wpf; nfhLf;f ,ayhJ.  rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyf tpUk;GNthu; gq;Ffisr; rq;fj;jpy; jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;J gq;FKjy; njhifiaj; jpUk;g ngwyhk;.
6.  ,ufrpak; fhf;fg;glhJ:
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; rq;ff; $l;lq;fspy; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; rq;f VLfis ghu;itapl cupik  cz;L. ,jdhy; nray;Kiw ,ufrpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;f KbahJ.
7.  mjpfkhd muR jiyaPL:
$l;LwT mikg;gpd; jpdrup eltbf;ifia> murpd; rl;lg;gbAk;> fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl;Lk; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. $l;LwTr; rq;f gjpthsuplk; midj;j mwpf;iffisAk;  rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8.  fld; trjpapd;ik:
Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT rq;fk; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F fld; trjpaspg;gjpy;iy. ruf;Ffis nuhf;fk; nfhLj;J thq;f cWg;gpdu;fs; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
9.  murpay; Nghl;bahsu;fs;:
rq;fj;jpd; ,af;FeiuAk;> nraw;FO cWg;gpdiuAk;  jpwik> nghJ mwpT> Neu;ik> mbg;gilapy; Nju;e;njLf;fg; gLtjpy;iy. mtu;fs; rhjp> rka> murpay; njhlu;gpd; gb Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; Njhy;tpf;F ,JNt fhuzkhfpwJ.


2.$l;LwT mikf;fg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba Kiwfis tpsf;Ff?
1.   $l;LwTr; rq;fj;ij rq;f rl;lk; 1912d;gb my;yJ khepy $l;LwT rl;lj;jpd;gb  gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2.   xNu Ciur; Nrh;e;j nghJ eyd; nfhz;l  25 egh;fs; xd;W $b $l;LwTr; rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fyhk;.
3.   $l;LwTr; rq;f gjpthshplk; rq;fk; mikf;f ,Uf;Fk; tpUg;gj;ij tpz;zg;gg; gbtk; %yk; njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4.   me;j tpz;zg;gg; gbtj;jpw;F mikg;G KiwNaL vd;W ngah;.
5.   mjpy; rq;fj;jpd; ngau;> Kftup> Nehf;fk;> Kjy;> cWg;gpdh;fspd; nghWg;G Mfpait Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
6.   tpz;zg;gj;Jld; rq;fj;jpd; Jiz tpjpfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; ,ize;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7.   Nkyhz;ik nra;Ak; Kiw> $l;l eilKiwfs;> jPh;khdq;fs; Mfpait Jiz tpjpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
8.   gpwF gjpthsh; gj;jpuq;fis Kiwahfg; ghprPypj;J mit rl;lg;gb cs;sdth vd;gij Ma;T nra;thh;.
9.   mjpy; mth; KO jpUg;jpaile;jTld; rq;fj;jpDila gjpNtLfspy; gjpT nra;J $l;LUthf;fg; gjpTr; rhd;wpjiof; nfhLg;ghh;.
10.  ,r;rhd;wpjiof; nfhLj;j gpd;> me;j rq;fk; rl;l cUitg; ngw;W jdp MSikiag; ngWfpwJ.

3. $l;LwTr; rpwg;gq;fhbapd; nghUs; je;J mjd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisj; jUf.
   $l;LwTr; rpwg;gq;fhbfs;:
Ø  $l;LwTr; rpwg;gq;fhb vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ngauhFk;.
Ø  ,J Ngustpy; elj;jg;gLk; rpy;yiu tpahghu mikg;ghFk;.
Ø  ehs;NjhWk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tPl;Lg; nghUl;fis gy Jiwfspy; tpw;ghz;ikau; cjtpapd;wp tpw;fg;gLfpwJ.
Ø  ,J nghJthf epWkj;ijg; Nghd;W ,yhg Nehf;Fld; nray;gLfpwJ.
rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:
1.   NgusT rpy;yiw tpw;gid nra;Ak; mikg;G.
2.   gytifahd nghUl;fs; fpilf;Fkplk;.
3.   RaNritg;gphpT Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
4.   RaNritg;gphptpy; tpw;ghz;ikah; Njit Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
5.   ,jd; Njhw;wk; gy Jiwfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
6.   nuhf;f tpw;gid mbg;gilapy; tpahghuk; nra;ag;gLk;.
7.   nghUl;fs; Rj;jk; nra;ag;gl;L> gy fl;Lkq;fspy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
8.   nghUl;fspy; fyg;glk; jtph;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
9.   rhpahd msitfspy; nghUl;fs; tpw;fg;gLtjhy; Efh;Nthh;fs; Fiwe;j vil msthy; Vkhw;wg;gLtjpy;iy.
10.  mhpjhd nghUl;fs; $l ,q;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
gFjp <
1. $l;LwT mikg;gpd; Kf;fpar; rpwg;gpay;Gfis RUf;fkhf tiuf?
1.  jd;dpr;irahfr; NrUk; rq;fk;:
gyh; jd;dpr;irahfr; Nrh;e;J cUthf;Fk; mikg;Ng $l;LwTr; rq;fkhFk;. ,t;tikg;gpy; cWg;gpduhfr; NrUkhW xUtiu fl;lhag;gLj;j KbahJ. xU egh; vg;NghJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,r;rq;fj;jpy; Nruyhk;> mJ NghyNt  tpyfpf;nfhs;syhk;;;
2.  rkj;Jtk;:
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpy; vy;yh cWg;gpdh;fSk; rhp rkk;. vy;yh cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; rk chpik cz;L. xUtu; mjpf KjyPL nra;Ak; nghOJ mtUf;F  mjpf chpik  fpilahJ.
3.  kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; Nkyhz;ik:
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fs; vt;tsT gq;Ffs; itj;jpUe;jhYk; xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w kf;fshl;rpj; jj;Jtj;jpd mbg;gilapy;  gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;J mtuplk; Nkyhz;ikia  xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4.  tsq;fspd; ,izg;G:
,e;j mikg;gpy; vy;yh cWg;gpdh;fspd; nrhe;j tsq;fSk; xUf;fpizf;fg;gl;L mij  vy;yh cWg;gpdh;fspd; eyDf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
5.  xUKidg;gLj;jpa Kaw;rp:
xt;nthUtUk; midtUf;fhf> midtUk; xt;nthUtUf;fhf vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb vy;yhj; jdp egh;fSk; xd;wpize;J gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.
6.  Nritapd; jj;Jtk;:
$l;LwT mikg;gpd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fk; Nrit GhptjhFk;. ,yhgk; <l;LtJ ,uz;lhtJ Nehf;fkhFk;. cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fj; Njitahd  fld; trjp mspj;jy;> tPL fl;Ltjw;F fld; toq;fy;> tpijfs;> cuq;fs; mspj;jy; Nghd;w gy Nritfs; ,e;jr; rq;fq;fshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
7.  gyh; cWg;gpduhjy;:
gyh; egu; xd;wpize;J cUthf;Fk; rq;fk; $l;LwTr; rq;fkhFk;. $l;Lwit cUthf;f Fiwe;j gl;rkhf 25 egUk;> mjpf gl;rkhf vj;jid Ngh; Ntz;LkhdhYk;; cWg;gpduhfr; Nruyhk;.
8.  rl;lj;jFjp:
$l;Lwtpy; cWg;gpdh;fs; xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhs;s  rl;lj; jFjpiag; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rq;fj;jpd; rl;l jpl;lq;fs;> tpjpKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw xg;Gf; nfhz;L fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
9.  cWg;gpduhtjw;fhd tha;g;G:
rhjp> rka ghFghLfs; vJTkpd;wp nghJthd nghUshjhu Nehf;fKs;s Mz;>ngz; vtUk; ,t;tikg;gpy; cWg;gpduhfr; Nruyhk;.  nghpa gzf;fhuUk;> twpa VioAk; mjpy; cWg;gpduhfyhk;.
10.  cs;Sh; cWg;gpdh;fs;:
nghJthd nghUshjhur; rpf;fy;fs; cs;s  cs;@hpy; trpg;gth;fNs $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; xUtiunahUth; njhpe;J itj;jpUg;ghu;fs;.
11.   cghpg; gfph;T:
Ø  $l;LwTr; rq;fk; jdJ Mz;L ,yhgj;ij cWg;gpdu;fspd; gq;fspg;G mbg;gilapy; gfpu;e;jspf;fpwJ.
Ø  $l;LwT mikg;G <l;ba ,yhgj;jpy; rl;lG+h;t xJf;fPL Nghf 14%f;Fk; kpfhky;  gq;fhjhak; toq;;fyhk;.
Ø  kPjpAs;s ,yhgj;ij cWg;gpdu;fs; rq;fj;jpd; Nritia ve;j msTf;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;fNsh mjd; mbg;gilapy; NkY}jpakhf mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F gfpu;T ePjp my;yJ MjuTg; gq;fhjhak; vd;W ngau;.
12. gjpT:
vy;yhf; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fSf;Fk; gjpT fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.  xt;nthU rq;fKk; ,e;jpaf; $l;LwT rq;f rl;lk; 1912d; gbNah my;yJ khepy murpd; rq;f tpjpfspd;gbNah fl;lhak; gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


13. gu];gu cjtp:
$l;LwT rq;fj;jpYs;s xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; gu];gu cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ $l;Lwtpd;; mbg;gilj; jj;Jtk; MFk;. xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; jdf;F cjtp nra;J nfhz;L gpwUf;Fk; cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
14. nghWg;G:
cWg;gpdh;fspd; nghWg;G mth;fs; itj;Js;s gq;Ffspd;  kjpg;gstpw;Fj;jhd; vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cWg;gpdh;fspd; jdpg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fis ,of;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.

2. $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; ed;ik jPikfis tpsf;Ff?
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; ed;ikfs;:
1.mikg;gJ vspJ:
     $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fis mikg;gJk;> gjpT nra;jYk; kpf vspJ. mjpfnryT Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
2. cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if:
      $l;Lwtpy; mjpfgl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F tiuaiw ,y;iy. xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; jd; tpUg;gg;gb NruNth my;yJ tpyfNth KO cupik cz;L.
3.kf;fshl;rp Nkyhz;ik:
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fs; vt;tsT gq;Ffs; itj;jpUe;jhYk; xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w kf;fshl;rpj; jj;Jtj;jpd mbg;gilapy;  gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;J mtuplk; Nkyhz;ikia  xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4.tiuaWg; nghWg;G:
cWg;gpdh;fspd; nghWg;G mth;fs; itj;Js;s gq;Ffspd;  kjpg;gstpw;Fj;jhd; vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cWg;gpdh;fspd; jdpg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fis ,of;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
5.epiyahd jd;ik:
cWg;gpdh;fspd; ,wg;G> kdepiy ghjpg;G> kw;Wk; nehbg;G epiy Mfpatw;why; ,t;tikg;G ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.,J ePbj;j tho;Tld; nray;gLk;.
6. Nkyhz;ikapy; rpf;fdk;:
     nghJthf ,t;tikg;gpy;> mjd; cWg;gpdh;fNs rq;fj;ij Nkyhz;ik nra;tjhYk;> tpsk;gur; nryTfs; kpff; FiwT vd;gjhYk;> Nkyhz;ikr; nryTfs; FiwfpwJ.
7. kypthd nrytpy; Nrit:
     ,r;rq;fk;  kypthd nrytpy; ey;y Nritia cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;> kw;wtu;fSf;Fk;  mspf;fpwJ. Nrit vd;gJ Kjd;ik Nehf;fk;. ,yhgk; <l;LtJ ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhFk;.
 8. thpr;rYiffs;:
     $l;Lwtpd;  tUtha;f;F tUkhdthp tpjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jw;F tUkhd thp> Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzk;> gjpTf; fl;lzk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
9. r%fg;gad;:
     $l;LwT mikg;G vd;gJ Nghl;bapy;yh epWtdkhFk;. jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;> r%f ePjp> gu];guk; Nghd;wit  $l;Lwit tsh;f;fpwJ.

10.Nrkpg;G tof;fk;:
     cWg;gpdh;fspilNa Nrkpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp mtu;fspd; nghUshjhu epiy Kd;Ndw ,t;tikg;G cjTfpwJ.
11.murpd; MjuT:
      nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpAs;s kf;fis $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; %yk; cah;j;JtJ murpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;w jhuhskhf epjpAjtpia eyptile;NjhUf;F muR mspf;fpwJ. 
12. tpiy tPo;r;rp:
     ,d;wpaikahj nghUs;fis cWg;gpdh;fSf;F kypT tpiyapy; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthfr; re;ijapy; tpiy epytuk; FiwfpwJ.
13. Ntiy tha;g;G:
     khepy murpd; cjtpAld; $l;LwTj; Jiwapd; tpahghuKk; njhopw;rhiyfSk; nropg;ghf tsUfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf Ntiy tha;g;Gf;Fr; re;ijapy; ,lkspf;fpwJ.
(v.fh.  $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miyfs;> $l;LwT Ehw;ghiyfs; %yk; gyUf;F Ntiytha;g;G fpilf;fpwJ.
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; FiwghLfs;:
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; FiwghLfs;:
1.  jpwikaw;w Nkyhz;ik:
$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspYs;s cWg;gpdu;fs;> mikg;ig Nkyhz;ik nra;a NghJkhd jpwikAk; mDgtKk; ,y;yhjtu;fshfTk;> Mu;tkpy;yhjtu;fshfTk;  ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
2.  tiuaW Kjy; (m) Fiwe;jsT Kjy;:
Fiwe;j tsq;fs; cs;s kdpju;fshy; $l;LwT rq;;fk;  mikf;fg;gLtjhYk;> xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w KiwAk;  cWg;gpdu;fs; mjpf KjyPL nra;tij jilnra;fpwJ.
3.  jf;f J}z;LNfhypd;ik:
,yhg Nehf;F ,y;yhikAk;> Nkyhz;ik nra;gtupd; nghWg;G Fiwa fhuzkhfpwJ. gzpahsu;fs; Fiwe;j Cjpak; ngWtjhy; ciog;gpy; Mu;tk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
4.  xw;Wikapz;ik:
rpy Ntisfspy; cWg;gpdu;fs; mtu;fSf;Fs; xw;Wikaha; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; $l;LwT mikg;gpd; tpahghuk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.  cupikia khw;w ,ayhik:
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; gq;Ffis xUtuplkpUe;J kw;wtUf;F khw;wpf; nfhLf;f ,ayhJ.  rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyf tpUk;GNthu; gq;Ffisr; rq;fj;jpy; jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;J gq;FKjy; njhifiaj; jpUk;g ngwyhk;.
6.  ,ufrpak; fhf;fg;glhJ:
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; rq;ff; $l;lq;fspy; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; rq;f VLfis ghu;itapl cupik  cz;L. ,jdhy; nray;Kiw ,ufrpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;f KbahJ.

7.  mjpfkhd muR jiyaPL:
$l;LwT mikg;gpd; jpdrup eltbf;ifia> murpd; rl;lg;gbAk;> fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl;Lk; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. $l;LwTr; rq;f gjpthsuplk; midj;j mwpf;iffisAk;  rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8.  fld; trjpapd;ik:
Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT rq;fk; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F fld; trjpaspg;gjpy;iy. ruf;Ffis nuhf;fk; nfhLj;J thq;f cWg;gpdu;fs; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
9.  murpay; Nghl;bahsu;fs;:
rq;fj;jpd; ,af;FeiuAk;> nraw;FO cWg;gpdiuAk;  jpwik> nghJ mwpT> Neu;ik> mbg;gilapy; Nju;e;njLf;fg; gLtjpy;iy. mtu;fs; rhjp> rka> murpay; njhlu;gpd; gb Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; Njhy;tpf;F ,JNt fhuzkhfpwJ.



3. $l;Lg;gq;F epWkj;jpw;Fk;>  $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahit?
t. vz;
jiyg;Gfs;
$l;Lg;gq;FepWkk;
$l;LwT rq;fq;fs;
1.
nghUs;
,J ,yhg Nehf;NfhL> NgusTj; njhopy; nra;tjw;fhf elj;jg;gLk; mikg;ghFk;
,J nghUshjhuj;jpy; eyptile;j egh;fs;; Nrh;e;J mikf;Fk; rq;fk;.
2.
Fiwe;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if
jdp epWkj;ij mikf;f Fiwe;jJ 2 egu;fSk;> nghJ epWkj;ij mikf;f Fiwe;jJ 7 egu;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;ij mikf;f  Fiwe;j gl;rk; 25 egu;fs; Njit.
3.
mjpf msT cWg;gpdu;fs; vz;zpf;if
jdp  epWkj;jpy; cr;r msthf 50 egu;fSk; (Copa cWg;gpdh; ePq;fyhf) nghJ epWkj;jpw;F tiuaiw VJkpy;iy.
mjpf gl;rj;jpw;F tiuaiw ,y;iy.




4.
cs;@u; cWg;gpdu;
nghJ epWkj;jpy; cyfpy; vg;gFjpapy; tho;gtUk; cWg;gpduhfyhk;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy; tho;gtu;fis kl;LNk cWg;gpduhf Nru;f;fg;gLk;.
5.
GjpT
,e;jpa epWkr; rl;lk; 1956d; gb xU epWkk;  gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,J khepy muR $l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpd; gb gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6.
Nkyhz;ik
$l;Lg; gq;F epWkj;jpd; Nkyhz;ik> cWg;gpdu;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,af;Feuitaplk; xg;gilf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,aff;Feh; FOtpd; cjtpahy; Nkyhz;ik elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
7.
Nehf;fk;
,yhgk; <l;LtNj ,jd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fkhFk;.
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F Nrit GhptNj ,jd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fkhFk;.


8.
gq;FKjyPl;Lf;F cr;r tuk;G
epWkj;jpy; gq;Feh;fs; vt;tsT gq;Ffs; Ntz;LkhdhYk; thq;fyhk;.
,e;jr; rq;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l msTf;F Nky; gq;Ffs; thq;f mDkjpapy;iy.
9.
murpd; rYiffs;
$l;Lg;gq;F epWkj;jpw;F murpd; rYif fpilg;gjpy;iy.
$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpw;F murpd; rYiffs; kpFe;j mstpy; fpilf;fpd;wd.
10.
thf;Fhpik
xU gq;Ff;F xU thf;FKiw filg;gpbf;fg; gLfpwJ.
; xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w Kiw filg;gpbf;fg; gLfpwJ.

11.
Raeyg;Nghf;F
epWkj;jpy; RaeyKk;> Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ikAk; vg;NghJk; epyTfpwJ.
,jpy; xt;nthUtUk; midtUf;fhf> midtUk; xt;nthUtUf;fhf vd;gJ ,jd; jj;JtkhFk;.

12.
gq;F Kjy;jpUg;gk;
epWkf; fiyg;gpw;F Kd;G gq;Fj; njhifia jpUk;gg; ngw ,ayhJ
,r;rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpdh; jhd; njhlh;e;J ,Uf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy-nadpy; mtuJ gq;Ffis rq;fj;jplNk jpUg;gpj; je;J    gq;FKjy; njhifiaj; jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;.

13.
gq;F khw;wk;
nghJ epWkj;jpd; gq;Ffis jilapd;wp khw;wyhk;.
$l;LwTr; rq;fk; cWg;gpdhfspd;  gq;if khw;w jil nra;Js;sJ. 
14.
Ruz;lg;gLjy;
 nghJ kf;fis gytiffspy; Ruz;Lk; tha;g;Gs;sJ.
Ruz;ly;fspypUe;J  cWg;gpdu;fis ,r;rq;fk; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
15.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
epWkj;jpy; kdpjidtpl gzj;jpw;Nf Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gzj;ij tpl kdpjUf;Nf Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
16.
gq;Ffs; kjpg;G
epWkj;jpy; gq;Ffspd; kjpg;G cau;e;Nj ,Uf;Fk;. gq;Ffis Kfkjpg;gpNyh> Kidkj;jpNyh> tl;lj;jpNyh> ntspaplyhk;.
,r;rq;fk; gq;Ffis Kfkjpg;gpy; kl;LNk ntspaPL nra;Ak;.


4. VNjDk; vl;L $l;LwT rq;fq;fspd; tiffis vOJf.
1. Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT:
,d;wpaikahj nghUs;fis epahakhd tpiyapy; ngWtjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapYs;s Efu;Nthu;fs; xd;wpize;J elj;jg;gLk; mikg;G Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT mikg;ghFk;. ,jw;F Efu;Nthu; $l;LwT gz;lfrhiy vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.    
,t;tikg;G cw;gj;jpahsuplkpUe;J Neubahf nfhs;Kjy; nra;J cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;> kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; epahakhd tpiyapy; tpw;gid nra;fpwJ.
2. $l;LwTg; gz;lfrhiy:
 $l;LwTg;  gz;lfrhiy> mjpfkhf fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tptrhag; nghUs;fis Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; trjpia cWg;gpdu;fSf;F mspf;fpwJ. NkYk;> KbTngw;w nghUs;fSf;F re;ijapy; ey;y tpiy fpilf;Fk; tiu Nrkpj;J itf;f cjTfpwJ.
3. $l;LwTr; re;ijapLjy; rq;fk;:
rq;f cWg;gpdu;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUs;fSf;F epahakhd tpiy fpilf;f$l;LwT re;ijapLjy; rq;fk; cjtp GupfpwJ. ,r;rq;fk; cWg;gpdu;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;j nghUs;fis thq;fp re;ijapy; ey;y tpiy fplf;Fk; nghOJ tpw;gid nra;fpwJ.
     NkYk;> ,ilj;jufu;fis ePf;fp cWg;gpdu;fspd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUSf;F ey;y tpiy fpilf;fr; nra;fpwJ.  ,r;rq;fk; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Kd;gz trjpiaAk;> fld; trjpiaAk; nra;J jUfpwJ.
4. efu tq;fp:
     ,J efu;g;Gwq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjdhy; ,e;j mikg;Gf;F efuf; fld; rq;fq;fs; vd;W ngau;. ,J cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gj; njhifiaj; jpul;b  cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;> kw;wtu;fSf;Fk;  Fiwe;j tl;bapy; flDjtp mspf;fpwJ. ,J tzpf tq;fpia Nghy tq;fpj; njhopiyAk; nra;J tUfpwJ.
5. ehzar; rq;fk;:
     ,J vspa kf;fshy; jd;dpr;irahf ,ize;J cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;. ,J cWg;gpdu;fSf;F FWfpa fhy epjpAjtp mspf;Fk;> Nehf;Fld; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikg;G  fLk; tl;bf;Fg; gzk; jUk; fldPe;NjhuplkpUe;J cWg;gpdu;fisf; fhf;fpwJ.
6. Ntshz;ik fld; rq;fq;fs;:
     nghJthf xU fpuhkj;jpYs;s tptrhapfshy; mikf;fg;gLk; fld; rq;fk; Ntshz; fld; rq;fkhFk;. tptrhak; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp rhuh Nehf;fq;fSf;F fld; trjp mspf;fpwJ.      ,r;rq;fk; Cuf ehza rq;fq;fs; my;yJ gpujk ehza rq;fq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. Cuf ehzar; rq;fq;fs;:
     ,J fpuhkq;fspy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;. rpW tptrhapfSf;Fk;> eLj;ju tptrhapfSf;Fk; cw;gj;jp rhu;e;j fhuzq;fSf;fhf fld; trjpaspf;fpd;wd.
 ,jw;F Njitahd gq;F Kjiy gq;Ffs; ntspapLtjd; %ykhfTk;> cWg;gpdu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpduy;yhjtupd; itg;igg;  ngWtjd; %ykhf jpul;lg;gLfpwJ.
8. gpujk ehzar; rq;fq;fs;:
,e;j gpujkr; rq;fq;fs; fpuhk mstpy; mjpfkhf elj;jg;gLfpwJ.,it cWg;gpdu;fspilNa Nrkpf;Fk;  gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAk;>  Nrkpg;Gfis jpul;bf; nfhLj;Jk; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;F cjtp Gupe;J tUfpd;wd. ,r;rq;f cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;G tiuawhg; nghWg;ghFk;.
9. Ntshz;ik rhuh fld; rq;fq;fs;:
     Ntshz;ik rhuh fld; rq;fq;fs;> Cuf kw;Wk; efu;g;Gwq;fspy; cs;s kf;fshy; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F cw;gj;jp rhu;e;j Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf cjtp Gupe;J tUfpwJ.
10. gzpahsu; fld; rq;fk;:
     ,J Fiwe;j tsq;fSila kf;fshy; mikf;fg;gLtjhFk;. ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F epjpAjtp mspg;gjhFk;. ,J cWg;gpdu;fSf;fpilNa rpf;fdk; kw;Wk; Nrkpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. njhopy; mikg;gpy; cs;s gzpahsu;fshy; ,e;j rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;L>  ePz;l fhy fld; trjpia Fiwe;j tl;bapy; toq;FfpwJ.
11. njhopyhsh; fld; rq;fq;fs; :
     xU njhopw;rhiyapYs;s jpwikahd> eLj;juj; jpwikAs;s njhopyhsh;fshy; ,t;tikg;G cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J cWg;gpdh;fSf;F FWfpa fhyf; fld; trjp mspf;fpwJ. fld; njhiffs; rkkhd khjhe;jpu jtiz %yk; tl;bAld; t#ypf;fg;gLfpwJ.
12. njhopw;rhiy $l;LwT rq;fk;:

,r;rq;fq;fs; rpWnjhopy; nra;Ak; cw;gj;jpahsh;fshy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.  rpW njhopy; kw;Wk; Fbirj; njhopy; mikf;f ,e;j rq;fk; kpFe;j cjtp GhpfpwJ. ey;y  %yg;nghUl;fis ngw;Wj; je;J  cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; juj;ij cah;j;;j ,e;j rq;fq;fs;  cjTfpwJ.

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