வணிகவியல் பாடம்2.தனியாள் வணிகம்

2. jdpahs; thzpfk;

gFjp - m

I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf:

1. jdpahs; tzpfk; Jtq;f

m) Fiwe;jJ ,U egu;fs; Njit M) Fiwe;jJ VO egu;fs; Njit ,) xU egu; kl;LNk Njit.

2. jdpahs; thzpfupd; nghWg;G

m) KjYf;F Vw;g tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.  M) nrhj;Jf;F Vw;g tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ  

,) tiuaiwapy;yhjJ.

3. jdpahs; tzpf mikg;gpw;F Vw;w njhopy;fs;

m) NgusT tpahghuk;         M) eLj;ju tpahghuk;          ,) rpw;wsT tpahghuk;

4. jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; KbntLg;gJ.

m) tpiuthf           M) jhkjkhf                ,) ,uz;Lkpy;iy

5. jdp Ms; tzpfj;jpy;

m) tpahghu ,ufrpak; fhf;f ,ayhJ    M) tpahghu ,ufrpak; fhf;f ,aYk;

,) ,uz;Lkpy;iy.

6. ,t;tif mikg;G Fiwe;j %yjdk; Njitg;gLk; njhopYf;F Vw;wJ.

m) $l;lhz;ik    M) $l;Lg; gq;F epWkk;   ,) jdpahs; tzpfk;     <) $l;LwT

7. jdp Ms; tzpfupd; fbd ciog;gpw;F J}z;LNfhyha; miktJ.

m) ngWk; ,d;gk;       M) el;l tr;rk;         ,) Fiwe;j %yjdk;

II.Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:

1.   ....................... vd;gJ njhopyikg;gpd; kpf goikahd tbtkhFk;.

2.   jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; Kjypl;L mjid epu;tfpf;Fk; egu;...........vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.

3.   jdpahs; thzpfj;jpd; cupikAk; ...................... xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

4.   $l;Lg;gq;F epWtdq;fisg; Nghy; jdpahs; tzpfj;jpw;F ePbj;j ......................fpilahJ.

5.   ......................mikg;G Kiwapy; njhopiy mikg;gJ vspJ.

6.   ....................... tzpfj;ij xOq;FgLj;j jdpahf rl;lk; ,y;iy.

7.   jdp Ms; tzpfj;jpy; tpahghu ......................fhf;f ,aYk;.

8.   jdp tzpfhpd; ........................ jpwikf;F vy;iyAz;L.

9.   Efu;Nthu; ........................ Mf kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

tpilfs;:

I.   1. xU egu; kl;Lk; Njit 2) tiuaiwapy;yhjJ 3) rpw;wsT tpahghuk; 4) tpiuthf 5) tpahghu ,ufrpak; fhf;f ,aYk; 6); jdpahs; tzpfk; 7) el;l tr;rk;

II.  1)jdpahs; tzpfk; 2) jdpahs; tzpfu; (m) jdpahs; cupikahsu;            3. Nkyhz;ikau; 4) tho;T5) jdpahs; tzpfk; 6) jdpahs; tzpfu; 7) ,ufrpak; 8) jdp tzpfu9) kd;du;

gFjp– M

1. $l;LUthf;fk; ngwhj mikg;Gfspd; tiffisf; $Wf?

$l;LUthf;fk; ngwhj mikg;Gfspd; tiffs;: 

1) jdpahs; tzpfk;

2) $l;lhz;ik

3) ,e;Jf; $l;Lf; FLk;g thzpfk;

2. jdpahs; tzpf mikg;G vd;why; vd;d?

     jdp eguhy; jdp egUf;nfd;W  cUthf;fg;gl;L fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpahghu mikg;G> jdp tzpf mikg;ghFk;. ,t;tikg;gpy; xUtNu KjyPL nra;Jk; Nkyhz;ik nra;Jk; tUfpwhh;. jdpegNu ,yhgel;lq;fis Vw;W elj;Jthu;

3. jdpahs; tzpfu; tiutpyf;fzk; jUf?

O.R. fpU\;z rhkp  ,yf;fzg; gbjdp eguhy; jdpegUf;nfd;W mikf;fg;gl;L ,aq;Fk; xU tzpfk; jdpahs; thzpfk; MFk;.

N[k;];. ];Bngd;rd;  ,yf;fzg; gb ‘jdf;fhf jhNd tpahghuj;ij elj;Jk; xU egh; jdptzpfh; Mthh;. ,th; chpikahsh; kl;Lkpd;wp mikg;ghsuhfTk;> NkyhsuhfTk; nray;gl;L tpahghuj;jpd; ,yhg el;lj;ij jhNd Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;“.

4. tiuawhg; nghWg;G vd;why; vd;d?

Ø  jdpahs; tzpfhpd; nghWg;G tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ.

Ø  jdp tzpfhpd; njhopypy; Vw;gl;l flidr; nrYj;j njhopy; nrhj;Jfs; Nghjhj epiyapy; mth; jd; nrhe;j nrhj;jpypUe;J fldPe;NjhUf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

         

gFjp - <

1.  jdp egu; tzpfj;jpd; Fzhjparq;fs; ahit?

1. jdpegh; chpikAk; fl;Lg;ghLk;:

     jdpeguhy; elj;jf;$ba tpahghu mikg;G jdpahs; tzpfkhFk;. jdp xUtNu chpikahsuhfTk;>tzpfj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; nray;gl;L tzpfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

2. %yjdk;: (Kjy; )

     jdpahs; thzpfj;jpy;>  xUtu;  kl;LNk nrhe;j Nrkpg;gpypUe;Njh my;yJ fld;ngw;W KjyPL nra;fpwhu;.

3. tiuawhg; nghWg;G:

     jdpahs; tzpfhpd; nghWg;G tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ> jdp tzpfhpd; njhopypy; Vw;gl;l flid nrYj;j njhopy; nrhj;Jfs; Nghjhj epiyapy; mth; jd; nrhe;j nrhj;jpypUe;J fldPe;NjhUf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

    

4. ,yhg el;lk;:

     jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,yhgel;lk; KOtJk; jdp egiuNa rhUk;. ,jidahUlDk; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iy.

5. jdpr;rl;lk; ,y;iy :

     $l;lhz;ikia xOq;F gLj;j ,e;jpaf; $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lKk;> epWkj;ij xOq;FgLj;j ,e;jpa epWkr; rl;lKk;>; ,Ug;gijg; Nghy; jdpahs;  tzpfj;ij xOq;FgLj;j jdp rl;lk; VJTk; ,y;iy.

6. gjpT :

     $l;lhz;ik> epWkk; Nghd;w mikg;Gfis mitfSf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; gb gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; jdp tzpfh; jd; njhopiy gjpT nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy.

7. tho;T :

     jdpahs; tzpfj;jpw;F ePbj;j tho;T fpilahJ. jdpahs; tzpfupd;  tho;itg; ghjpf;Fk; vf;fhuzKk; mtUila njhopiyAk; ghjpf;Fk;.

8. vspik :

     jdpahs; tzpfj;ij njhlq;FtJk;> fiyg;gJk; vspJ. jdpahs; thzpfj;ijf; fiyf;f> rl;l tpjpfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;bajpy;iy.

9. cs;Sh; tpahghuk; :

     ngUk;ghYk; jdpahs; thzpfk; Fwpg;gpl;l njU> tl;lhuk; my;yJ fpuhk mstpNyNa eilngWfpd;wJ.

10. RaNtiy tha;g;G :

     jdpahs; tzpfh; ngUk;ghYk; jdJ nrhe;j ciog;ig tpahghuj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;. ,th;> Njitg;gLk;NghJ rpy gzpahsh;fis Ntiyf;F mkh;j;jpf; nfhs;fpwhh;.

11. Fiwe;j Kjy; :

     jdpahs; tzpfj;ij Jtq;f kpfTk; Fiwe;j KjNy NghJkhdJ.

2. jdpegu; tzpfj;jpd; ed;ikfs;>Fiwfis tptup?

ed;ikfs; :

1.vspjhd mikg;G :

     jdpahs; tzpfj;ij  njhopy; njhlq;f Mh;tk; cs;s vtUk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; vspjhfTk;> tpiuthfTk; Jtq;fyhk;.

2. vspikahd fiyg;G:

     jdpahs; tzpfj;ij fiyg;gJ vspJ. ,t;tzpfj;ij vt;tpj rl;l rpf;fYk; ,y;yhky; fiyf;fyhk;.

3. Neub Cf;Ftpg;G :

     tpahghuj;jpd; ,yhgk; KOtJk; jdpahs; tzpfiuNa NrUfpwJ. mjpy; NtW vtUk; gq;F Nfl;f KbahJ. mth; jd; tpahghuj;ij tphpTgLj;j ,J rpwe;j Cf;Ftpg;ghf mikfpwJ.

4. nefpo;Tj; jd;ik:

     jdpahs; tzpfk; kl;LNk KO mstpy; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAld; nray;gLfpwJ. rpwpastpy; eilngWk; jdpahs; tzpfj;ij khw;w Ntz;Lnkd;why; mjpf nrytpy;yhky; khw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;.

5. ,ufrpaq;fisf; fhj;jy;:

     tpahghu KbTfis jdpahs; thzpfu; ahuplKk; fye;jhNyhrpf;fj; Njitapy;iy. ,jdhy; jdpahs; thzpfj;jpy; ,ufrpak; fhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

6. tpiuthd KbT:

     jdpahs; tzpfh; tpahghu KbTfisg; gw;wp NtW vtiuAk; fye;jhNyhrpf;fj; Njitapy;iy vd;gjhy;tpiuthf KbntLf;f KbAk;.

7. mjpf ,yhgk; <l;Ljy;:

     jdpahs; tzpfu; jdJ njhopiyr;  ruptu ftdpf;fhjjhy;  Vw;gLk; el;lj;ij mtNu Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;el;ltr;rk; jdpahs; tzpfupd; fbd ciog;gpw;F J}z;L Nfhyhf mikfpwJ.

8.Ra Ntiytha;g;G:

     Fiwe;j %yjdk; cilath;fSk;>  Rje;jpukhf tho tpUk;Gtu;fSk; mbikj; njhopy; nra;a tpUk;ghjtu;fSk; Rakhf njhopy; njhlq;f jdpahs; thzpfk; tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.

9. jpwikahd fl;Lg;ghL:

     jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy;  xUtu; kl;Lk; ,Ug;gjhy; njhopy; eltbf;ifis ed;whf jpl;lkpl;L mjpy; jdp ftdk; nrYj;jpf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.

     NkYk; nfhs;Kjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid njhlu;ghd KbTfis jhNd jpl;lkpl;Lf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp tpahghuj;ij rpwe;j Kiwapy; elj;jp tu KbAk;.

10. rpf;fd Nkyhz;ik:

     jdpahs; thzpj;jpy; jdp xUtNu cupikahsuhf ,Ue;J tpahghug; gzpfis  Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; epu;thfr; nryTfs; Fiwe;J rpf;fdk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

11. mjpf epjp ngw kjpg;gPL:

     jdpahs; tzpfupd; nghWg;G tiuawh nghWg;G vd;gjhy; tpahghuf; flDf; tpahghur; nrhj;Jf;fs; Nghjhj gl;rj;jpy; jd; nrhe;jr; nrhj;jpypUe;J fldPe;NjhUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

     ,jdhy; jdpahs; tzpfUf;F gyu; fld; ju Kd; tUthu;fs

12. MSik tsu;r;rp:

     jd;dk;gpf;if> njhopy; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd Kaw;rp> nghWg;Gzu;r;rp> epu;thfk; nra;Ak; jpwd; kw;Wk; KbT vLj;jy; Nghd;w rpwe;j gz;Gfs; tsu jdpahs; tzpf mikg;G tif nra;fpwJ.

jdpahs; tzpfj;jpd; FiwghLfs;:

1. msthd Kjy;:

     jdpahs; tzpfupd; %yjd Mjhuq;fs; kpff; FiwT. ,tu; jd;Dila nrhe;j %yjdj;ijAk;> kw;wth;fs; toq;Fk; flidAk; kl;LNk ek;gapUg;gjhy; mjpf epjp fpilf;f tha;g;Gfs; FiwT. 

2. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nkyhz;ikj; jpwd; (Fiwe;j Nkyhz;ikj; jpwd;):

     jdpahs; tzpf chpikahshpd; Nkyhz;ikj; jpwikf;F Xu; vy;iy cz;L. xUtNu nfhs;Kjy;> tpw;gid kw;Wk; fzf;fpay; Nghd;w midj;J eltbf;ifapYk; jpwk;gl nray;gl  KbahJ.

3. tiuawhg; nghWg;G: 

     jdpahs; tzpfupd; tiuawhg; nghWg;ghdJ mtUila nrhe;j nrhj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; vd;gjhy; mtUila Mu;tj;ijf; Fiwj;J njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;F jilahf cs;sJ. 

4. FWfpa tho;T:

     jdpahs; tzpfj;jpw;F ePbj;j tho;T fpilahJ. cupikahsupd; tho;itg; ghjpf;Fk; ve;j fhuzKk; mtUila njhopiyAk; ghjpf;Fk;.

     mjhtJ> jdpahs; tzpfupd; ,wg;G> kdepiy ghjpg;G> epu;thfj; jpwikapd;ik> Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; jdpahs; thzpfk; KbTf;F tUk;.

5.fye;J MNyhridapd;ik:

     jdpahs; tzpfu; rpy Kf;fpa KbTfis vLf;Fk; NghJ FLk;g mq;fj;jpdiuj; jtpu gpw egu;fis fye;J MNyhrpf;f tha;g;G ,y;iy. vdNt mtruj;jpy; jtwhd KbT vLf;f tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;.

6. mtru KbT:

     jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; fye;J MNyhrpj;J KbntLf;f tha;g;Gfs; ,;y;iy. ,jdhy; mtruj;jpy; jtwhd KbT vLf;f tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;.

7. epiyaw;w jd;ik:

     jdpahs; tzpf mikg;gpd; tho;T epiyaw;wJ. Efu;Nthupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;G kw;Wk; njhopy; El;g khw;wk; Mfpatw;iw nghUj;Nj jdp tzpfupd; tpahghu tsu;r;rpAk; mikAk;.

8. Fiwe;j msT tpahghuk;:

     Kjy; kw;Wk; jpwik Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; jdpahs; tzpfu;fs; jq;fsJ tzpf mikg;Gfis rpwpajhfNt mikj;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ngUk;ghYk; cs;@u; mstpNyNa tpahghuk; eilngWfpwJ.

9. KOel;l mghak;:

     jdpahs; tzpfu; xU eguhf ,Ug;gjhy; njhopypy; Vw;gLk; nkhj;j el;lj;ijAk; jhd; kl;LNk Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.

10. rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rpapd;ik:

     nfhs;Kjy;> tpw;gid> fzf;fpay;> epjp jpul;Ljy;> tpahghuk; nra;jy; Nghd;w midj;Jg; gzpfisAk;  xUtNu Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; fbdkhFk;.

    

3. rKjhaj;jpy; jdpahs; tzpfupd; gq;fpid tptup?

rKjhaj;jpy; jdpahs; tzpfupd; gq;F:

1.  Ntiyapy;yh gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;T:

         jdpahs; tzpfk; Fiwe;j fy;tpAilatu;fSf;Fk; fy;tpawpT mw;wtu;fSf;Fk; Ntiytha;g;G mspj;J Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lj;ij ePf;Ftjpy; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

2.KjyPl;bw;fhd tha;g;G:

    rpW KjyPl;lhsu;fs;> Fiwe;j KjYld; njhopy; njhlq;f jdp tzpfk; tha;g;gspf;fpwJ. ,t;tzpfk; rpW KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; Nrkpg;ig  cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

3.Fiwe;j tpiyapy; nghUl;fis mspj;jy;:

    epu;thfr; nryT Fiwthf cs;sjhy; jdp tzpfu; nghUl;fspd;  mjpfgl;r tpiyia tpl Fiwthd tpiyf;F tpw;gid nra;fpwhu;.

4.rpW cw;gj;jpahsUf;F cjTjy;:

    cs;@u; cw;gj;jpahsuplkpUe;J ngUk;ghd;ikahd nghUl;fs; nfhs;Kjy; nra;ag;gl;L tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; cs;@u; rpW cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jdp tzpfuhy; gad;ngWfpd;wdu;.

5.jukhd nghUl;fis mspj;jy;:

    jdptzpfu; cs;@h; mstpy; tpahghuj;ij elj;Jtjhy; tpahghuj;jpd; ed;kjpg;igf; fhf;f jukhd nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;fpwhu;. tpw;w nghUspy; FiwapUg;gpd; mijj; jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;.

6.ju;krpe;jidAila eltbf;if (nghJr;Nrit eltbf;if):

    jdp tzpfu;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; FOf;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L fz; gupNrhjid Kfhk;fs;> G+q;fhf;fis guhkupj;jy;> ghijapy; jLg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;> gs;spfSf;F miwfyd;fis toq;Fjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW rKjha Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.

7.tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tsq;fisr; rkkhfg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;:

   tpahghu cyfpy; gyu; jdpahs; tzpfuhf <LgLtjhy;;> xU rpyhplNk tUkhdk; Ftptjpy;iy. 

8.Efu;NthUf;F cjTjy;:

    jdpahs; tzpfu;fs; Efu;Nthupd; tPl;L thrypNyNa nghUl;fis fpilf;fr; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,jdhy; Efu;Nthupd; NeuKk;> ciog;Gk;> kpr;rg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

4. jdpegu; fl;Lg;ghL cyfpNyNa rpwe;jJ tptup?

jdpegu; fl;Lg;ghL rpwe;jJ:

        tpy;ypak; Ngrl; mtu;fs; “cyfpNyNa jdpegu; fl;Lg;ghLjhd; rpwe;jJ vd;W $wpAs;shu;. rpwpa njhopyhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk xUtu; mt;tpahghu eltbf;iffs; midj;ijAk; jpwikahf Nkw;ghu;it nra;a ,aYk;” vd;Wk; $Wfpwhu;.

jdpegu; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fr; rhjfkhdit:

1.vspjhfTk;> tpiuthfTk; mikj;jy;

2.Neubf; fl;Lg;ghL

3.Kaw;rp kw;Wk; gyd; ,izjy;;

4.tpahghu ,ufrpak; fhj;jy;

5.Efu;Nthuplk; neUq;fpa njhlu;G

6.,yhgk; KOtijAk; mDgtpj;jy;

7.rpf;fd Nkyhz;ik

8.rl;l rpf;fy; ,d;ik

9.gzpahsuplk; Neubj; njhlu;G

10.rKjha tpUg;gk;.

jdpegu; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; FiwghLfs;

     jdpegu; fl;Lg;ghl;by; gy;NtW ed;ikfs; fhzg;gbDk; rpy FiwghLfs;; cz;L. tpahghu eltbf;iffs; midj;ijAk; jdp egu; xUtuhy; kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhJ.

     jdp tzpfk; vg;NghJk; Mgj;jhdJ vd;W jdptzpfu; epidf;fpwhu;. ‘mtUf;F cz;ikapNyNa vJ njupahJ vd;gJ mtUf;Fj; njupAk;” vd;W tpy;ypak; Ngrl;  $Wfpwhu;.

jdpegu; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Fiwfs;:

1.msthd Kjy;;;;:  

2.msthd Nkyhz;ikj; jpwd;:

3.tiuawhg; nghWg;G: 

4.NgusT njhopy; nra;a ,ayhik

5.,lu;ghLs;s KbTfs

6.epiyaw;w jd;ik

KbT:

     jdp xU kdpjuhy; tpahghu eltbf;if midj;ijAk; jpwikahf Nkw;ghu;it nra;a ,aYk; vd;why; jdp egu;f; fl;Lg;ghNl rpwe;jJ