Thursday, 1 June 2017

வணிகவியல் பாடம் 6.பங்கு மாற்றகம்

6. gq;F khw;wfk;
gFjp - m

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.

1.,J Gjpa epWkq;fspd; Kjy; tpLg;Gfis ntspapLk;
m) Kjd;ikr; re;ij                M) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij
,) nghUl;fs; re;ij                <) xOq;F Kiw tpw;gidr; re;;ij
2. Gjpa gq;Ffis tpw;f tof;fkhf gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw
m) nghJ tpLg;Gfs;      M) tpw;gidf;fhd jUnkhop     ,) Nkyhz;ikj; jufu;fs;     <) xg;GWjpaspj;jy;
3. gq;F khw;wfk; ,jpy; <Lgl;bUf;fpwJ
m) ruf;F         M) Nrit        ,) epjpg; gj;jpuq;fs;      <) ehl;bd; gzk;
4. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Vw;gpirT ngw;w gq;F khw;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 20           M) 21           ,) 22            <) 24
5. gq;F khw;wq;fs; ,tw;wpd; tzpfj;ij mDkjpf;fpwJ
m) epWkj;jpd; vy;yhg; gq;FfisAk;    M) murhy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;w gpizaq;fs;  
,) gl;bayplg;gl;l gj;jpuq;fs;         <) gl;bayplg;glhj gj;jpuq;fs;
6. jd; tzpfu;fs; gq;F khw;wq;fspy; ,tu;fSf;fhd tzpfj;jpy; <LgLfpd;wdu;
m) thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhf           M) jq;fSila nrhe;j eltbf;iffSf;fhf
,) kw;w jufu;fSf;fhf              <) kw;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhf
7. vjpYk; nfl;lijNa fhz;fpd;w kdg;ghq;F nfhz;ltu;
m) fiykhd;           M) fub          ,) fhis   <) Klthj;J
8.vy;yhk; ed;ikf;fhfNt eilngWk; vd;w kdg;ghq;F nfhz;ltu;
m) fhis        M) fub          ,) fiykhd;      <) Klthj;J
9. gj;jpuq;fs; xg;ge;j rl;lk; ,t;thz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
m) 1952          M) 1957          ,) 1964     <) 1956
10. nrgp ,r;rl;lg;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
m) gj;jpuq;fs; xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;        M) ,e;jpa gj;jpu kw;Wk; khw;wq;fs; thupar; rl;lk;
,) epWkq;fs; rl;lk;           <) ,e;jpa murpay; rhrdk;
11. xU fhis Cf tzpfu; ,ij ek;Gfpwhu;
m) tpiyfs; caUjy;              M) tpiyfs; FiwAk;
,) epiyahd tpiyfs;              <)  tpiyapy; khw;wk; VJk; ,Uf;fhJ.
12. gq;F khw;wfk; gq;Ffspd; Cf tzpfj;ij
m) mDkj;jpg;gjpy;iy               M) Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy
,) Cf;fg;gLj;JfpwJ               <) jilnra;Ak;
13. vr;rupf;ifahd Cf tzpfu; . . . . . . vdg;gLthu;.
m) fiykhd;           M) fhis        ,) Klthj;J      <) fub
14. gq;Fkhw;wfk; ,jw;fhd Xu; ,lkhFk;
m) xU gj;jpuj;ij kw;nwhU gj;jpukhf khw;WtJ     M) epjpg; gj;jpuq;fis thq;fp tpw;gJ
,) GJg; gq;Ffis ntspapLjy;            <) ruf;Ffis thq;fp tpw;wy;
15. rigj; jiytUld; Nru;e;J nrgpapy; ,t;tsT cWg;gpdu;fs; cs;sdu;
m) 5       M) 7       ,) 6       <) 8
16. mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gq;F khw;wfj;jpy; epWkk; jd; gq;Ffis gjpT nra;J nfhs;tij . . . .. . vd;fpNwhk;
m) xg;GWjpaspj;jy;      M) tpahghuk;           ,) gq;F xJf;fPL   <) gl;bayply;
17. Kd;ndr;rupf;ifAld; nray;gLk; Cf tzpfu; . . . . . . . tzpfu; vd;wiof;fg;gLthu;.
m) Kidk Ntl;ilahsu;       M) Kl thj;J    ,) fhis   <) fub
18. . . . . . . .  Kiwapy; Vw;fdNt cs;s gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F mtu;fs; nfhz;Ls;s gq;Fspd;tpfpjj;jpy; cupikg; gq;Ffs; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
m) nghJ ntspaPL           M) cupik ntspaPL    
,) tpw;gidf;fhd KidT      <) xg;GWjpaspj;jy;

19. epWkk; nghJkf;fis jd;Dila gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;Ak; gb mwpf;if my;yJ tpsk;guk; %yk; miog;G tpLf;Fk; Mtzk; . . . .
m) mikg;G KiwNaL    M) rl;lKiwNaL ,) jftywpf;if   <) xg;GWjp
20.  nrgpr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l ehs; . . . . . . .
m) 30.1.1990       M) 30.1.1956       ,) 30.1.1986       <) 30.1.1992

II Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf
1.   NgusT epWtdq;fs;...................mikg;gpy; epWtg;gLfpd;wd.
2.   $l;Lg; gq;F epWkq;fSf;F ...................Njit
3.   epWkj;jpw;F Njitahd ePz;l fhy Kjy; rpW myFfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L ....... vdg;gLk;.
4.   gq;Ffs; .................... cupikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
5.   fld; gj;jpuq;fs; ...................cupikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
6.   .................... fld; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljw;fhd xU thf;FWjpg; gj;jpuk;.
7.   Kjd;ikr; re;ijapd; .................... gq;Ffspd; tzpfk; eilngWfpwJ.
8.   ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij> Kjd;ikr; re;ijapd; tpw;fg;gl; ................... fspd; tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ.
9.   ...................Nghd;wtu;fs; Gjpa tpLg;Gfis ntspapl epWkq;fSf;F cjTthu;fs;.
10.  Gjpa gq;Ffis ntspapLtjw;F ngUk;ghyhNdhu; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw ............. MFk;.
11.  .................... Gjpa gq;Ffis ntspapl ,ilj;jufu;fshf nray;gLfpd;wdu;.
12.  ...................vd;gJ gq;Ffis thq;f nghJ kf;fSf;F tpLf;Fk; xU miog;ghFk;.
13.  gq;Ffs; xJf;fPL nra;j gpd;> xJf;fPl;lhsu; epWkj;jpd; ................... Mfpwhu;.
14.  tpz;zg;gj; njhif xU gq;fpd; kjpg;Gj; njhifapy; ........rjtpfpjj;jpw;F Fiwthf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.
15.  FWk;gq;nfhg;gk; ntspaplg;gLk; gq;F Kjypy; .......... rjtpfpjkhf epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
16.  ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ijapd; thzpg msT ................... nghWj;J ,Uf;Fk;.
17.  gioa ,uz;lhk; epiyg; gj;jpuq;fs................... thzpfk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
18.  ,e;jpahtpy; ................... gpuhe;jpak; gq;F khw;wq;fs; cs;sd.
19.  gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; mYty; gl;baypy; gq;Ffspd; ngaiu ,lk; ngwr; nra;tJ ...... vdg;gLk;
20.  nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fSf;F gl;baypLjy; ................... Mf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
21.  jPu;Tg; gj;jpuq;fs; ................... vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
22.  .................... Miz Fwpg;gpl;l gj;jpuj;ij ve;j tpiyf;Fk; thq;fTk; my;yJ tpw;fTk; KOr; Rje;jpuk; mspf;fpwJ.
23.  Maj;jf; nfhLg;G xg;ge;jq;fs; ................... vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
24.  KjyPl;lhsu;fs; gj;jpuq;fis ................... fhyj;jpw;F jk;kplk; itj;Jf; nfhs;tu;.
25.  .................... vd;gtu; gq;Fr; re;ij cWg;gpduhy; mku;j;jg;gl;l gzpahs; Mthu;.
26.  fiykhd; Cf tzpfu; .................... vdTk; miof;fg;gLthu;.
27.  .................... re;ij Gjpa ntspaPl;bw;fhd re;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
28.  gj;jpuq;fspd; kW tpw;gid ...................  vdg;gLk;.
29.  nrgpapd; rigj;jiytUk; kw;Wk; thupaj;jpd; Ie;J cWg;gpdu;fSk; ................... My; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
30.  ........... ,e;jpa gq;Fr; re;ijia xOq;FgLj;j Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Nkw;ghhit mikg;ghFk;.
31.  rpW KjyPl;lhsh;fs; jk; Nrkpg;ig nghpa epWtdq;fspy; KjyPL nra;a ......... cjTfpwJ.
32.  Muk;g nghJ ntspaPl;bw;F khw;whf .................. ,Uf;fpwJ.
33.  Nghy;l; vd;gJ ......  gq;Fr; re;ijapy; cgNahfj;jpy; cs;s xU Neub tzpf KiahFk;.

tpilfs;:
1) Kjd;ikr; re;ij 2) nghJ tpLg;Gfs; 3) epjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; 4) 21 5) gl;bapyplg;gl;l gj;jpuq;fs; 6)jq;fSila nrhe;j eltbf;iffSf;fhf 7) fub 8) fhis 9) 1956 10) ,e;jpag; gj;jpu kw;Wk; khw;wq;fs; thupar; rl;lk; 11) tpiyfs; caUjy; 12) Cf;fg;gLj;JfpwJ 13) fiykhd; 14) epjpg;gj;jpuq;fis thq;fp tpw;gJ 15) 6 16) gl;bayply; 17) Kidk Ntl;ilahsu; 18) cupik ntspaPL 19) jftywpf;if 20) 30.1.1992
II
1) $l;Lg; gq;F epWkk; 2) NgusT Kjy; 3) gq;Ffs;  4) clik 5) fldPl;L 6) fld;gj;jpuk;  7) Gjpa 8) gj;jpuq;fspd; kW tpw;gid 9) jufu;fs;> xg;GWjpau; 10) nghJ tpLg;G  11) ntspaPl;lfq;fs; 12) jftywpf;if 13) gq;Fjhuu;> cWg;gpdu; 14) 5 15) 90 tpOf;fhL 16)  Kjd;ikr; re;ij 17) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij 18) 21 19) gl;baypLjy; 20) fl;lhak; 21) Kd;Ndhf;fpa gl;bay; gj;jpuq;fs; 22) jd; tpUg;Gupik / crpj Miz 23) mt;tplj;jpa xg;ge;jk; 24) ePz;l 25) mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l vOj;ju;fs;    26) Kidk Ntl;ilahsu; 27) Kjd;ikr; re;ij 28) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij 29) kj;jpa murhy;30) nrgp 31) gu];gu epjp 32) gu];gu epjp 33) Kk;ig



gFjp - M
1. gj;jpuk; vd;why; vd;d?
     gj;jpuk; vd;gJ cilikapd; cupikahd gq;ifNah> my;yJ fldPl;L cupikahd fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ijNah Fwpf;Fk; xU MtzkhFk;.
gj;jpuq;fs; cs;slf;FtJ:
$l;Lg; gq;F epWkg; gj;jpuq;fshd- gq;Ffs;> gq;Fj; njhFg;Gfs;> fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs;
muRg; gj;jpuq;fs;.

2. gj;jpu re;ijapd; tiffs; ahit?
gj;jpur; re;ij vd;gJ gj;jpuq;fis thq;fp tpw;ff; $ba ,lk;> kw;Wk; thq;fp tpw;gtu;fisÉ; Fwpf;Fk;.
gj;jpur; re;ijia ,U ngUk; gpupTfshf gpupf;fyhk;:
1) Kjd;ikr; re;ij (Gjpa ntspaPLfspd; re;ij)
2) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij (Kjd;ikr; re;ijapy; ntspapl;l gq;Ffis kWtpw;gid nra;Ak; re;ij)

3. nghJ tpLg;G vd;why; vd;d?
$l;Lg; gq;F epWkk; nghJ kf;fSf;F gq;Ffis Neubahf  tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kiw nghJ tpLg;G my;yJ nghJ ntspaPlhFk;.
xU epWkk>; jftywpf;if vd;w rl;l Mtzj;jpd; %yk; jdJ gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;AkhW nghJkf;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwapy; ,ilepiyau;fs; <LgLtjpy;iy> Mdhy; mjpf nryT Vw;gLk;.

4. jdp mku;j;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?
,t;tpilepiyau;fs; gq;Ffis jd; ngaupy; thq;fkhl;lhu;fs;. gq;Ffis tpw;gjpy; Kftuhf nray;gl;L thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F tpw;gid nra;thu;. ,j;jifa tpw;gidNa jdp mku;j;Jjy; MFk;. ,k;Kiw kpfTk; rpf;fdkhdjhFk;.

5. xg;GWjpaspj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
     xU epWkj;jpd; NgusT tpLg;Gfs; xg;GWjpaspj;jy; Kiwapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
nghJ kf;fSf;F ntspapl;l gq;Ffs; KOtijAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd xg;GWjpahsu;fs; thf;FWjpaspf;fpd;wdu;. mt;thW nghJkf;fshy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glhjg; gq;Ffs; KOtijAk; xg;GWjpaspj;jtu;fNs vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

6. jftywpf;if vd;why; vd;d?
     ve;j Mtzk; jftywpf;if vd;w ngaupy; ntspaplg;gLfpwNjh me;j Mtzk; jftwpf;if MFk;. epWkj;jpd; gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fis thq;FkhW nghJkf;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;Fk; Rw;wupf;if> tpsk;guk; Nghd;w rl;l  MtzNk jftywpf;ifahFk;.
7. gq;F xJf;fPL vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk;?
     gq;F  tpz;zg;g fhyf;nfL Kbe;jTld; epWkk; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;ayhk;.
     xU epWkk; FWk;gq;nfhg;g msthd nkhj;j gq;Fj; njhifapy; 90% mstpw;F tpz;zg;g gzk; ngw;w gpd;G jhd; gq;Ffis xJf;fPL nra;a KbAk;. xJf;fPL nra;j gpd;G jhd; tpz;zg;gjhuu; epWkj;jpd; gq;Fjhuu; Mfpwhu;. xJf;fPlhdJ KO xJf;fPlhfNth> (m) tpfpjsT mbg;gilapNyh (m) xU rpy tpz;zg;gq;fis epuhfupj;Njh xJf;fPL nra;ayhk;.

8. FWkg; gq;nfhg;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
     FWkg; gq;nfhg;gk; vd;gJ> epWkj;jpd; Kjy; Njitia<L nra;a nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J  epWkk; ngw Ntz;ba Fiwe;jsT tpz;zg;gj; njhifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
     ,e;j msT nghJkf;fSf;F ntspaplg;gLk; gq;Fj; njhifapy; 90% f;F Fiwtpy;yhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. FWkg; gq;nfhg;gk; ngwhj NghJ epWkk; gq;Ffis xJf;fPL nra;a KbahJ.




9.,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij vd;why; vd;d?
     ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij vd;gJ Kjd;ikr; re;ijapy; ntspapl;l gj;jpuq;fis  kWtpw;gid nra;Ak; re;ijahFk;. ,r;re;ijapd; tsu;r;rp Kjd;ikr;  re;ijiag; nghWj;Nj mikAk;.
     Kjd;ikr; re;ijapy; vt;tsT mjpfkhd epWkq;fs; Gjpa gj;jpuq;fis ntspapLfpwNjh mijg; nghWj;Nj ,jd; tsu;r;rpAk; mikAk;.

10. gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzk;?
     Ntu];bapd;,yf;fzg;gb gq;F khw;wfk; vd;gJ gj;jpuq;fis thq;Fgth;fSk;> tpw;gth;fSk; xd;W$b midj;J tifahd gj;jpuq;fisAk; ifahsf;$ba xU ,lkhFk;.

11. gl;baypLjy; vd;why; vd;d?
     gq;F khw;wfq;fspd; mYty; gl;baypy; gj;jpuq;fisr; Nru;g;gNj gl;baypLjy; MFk;. Ke;ehspy; gl;baypLjy; tpUg;gr; nrayhf ,Ue;jJ. ,d;W gl;baypLjy; vd;gJ midj;J nghJ epWkq;fSf;Fk; fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

12. gl;baypLjypd; gad;fs; ahit?
     gl;baypLtjhy;>
1. xU epWkk; cau;e;j me;j];ijg; ngWfpwJ.
2. xU epWkk; nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffisg; ngWfpwJ.
3. gj;jpuq;fspd; cz;ikahd kjpg;ig mwpa KbfpwJ.
4. xU epWkk; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Kjiy vspjpy; ngw KbfpwJ.

13. gl;bapylg;gl;l gj;jpuq;fspd; tiffs;?
     1. jPu;Tg; gj;jpuk;  
2..jPu;tilahg; gj;jpuk;;;;;;
1. jPu;Tg; gj;jpuk; vd;gJ  Kd;Ndhf;fpa thzpgj;jpy; thq;fp tpw;fg;gLk;
gj;jpuq;fshFk;.
2..jPu;tilahg; gj;jpuk; vd;gJ mt;tplj;jpa Nguq;fspy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.

14. Maj;jf; nfhLg;G xg;ge;jk; vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
     ,t;tif xg;ge;jq;fspy; gj;jpuq;fis thq;fpatu; gzj;ijAk;> tpw;wtu; gj;jpuj;ijAk;> cz;ikahfNt gupkhwpf; nfhs;thu;fs;.,t;nthg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gLk; mNj ehspy; my;yJ kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; xg;ge;jk; jPu;f;fg;gLk;.

15. Kd;Ndhf;fpa nfhLg;G xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
     Kd;Ndhf;fpa nfhLg;G xg;ge;jkhdJ eilKiwapy; gj;jpuq;fis cz;ikahf thq;Ftjw;fhfNth tpw;gjw;fhfNth nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. tpiy NtWghl;lhy; ,yhgk; ngWk; Nehf;Fld;; ,t;nthg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,t;tif xg;ge;jq;fspd; jPu;T gq;F khw;wfj;jpdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ehspy; Vw;gLk;.

16. gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; FiwghLfs; ahit?
gq;F khw;wfq;fspd; FiwghLfs;:
  1. mikg;G Kiwfspy; rPuhd jd;ikAk; fl;Lg;ghLk; ,y;yhjJ Kf;fpa FiwghlhFk;.
  2. gq;F khw;wfq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fshtjw;F fl;Lg;ghLfs; VJkpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j xU gq;F khw;wfKk; cWg;gpduhtjw;Fupa Fiwe;j gl;r fy;tpj; jFjpia epu;zapf;ftpy;iy.
  3. gy Neuq;fspy; gq;F khw;wq;fs; tpUk;gj; jfhj MNuhf;fpakw;w Cf thzpfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; jtwpapUf;fpwJ.
  4. gq;F khw;wfq;fspy; gq;Ffs; gl;bayplg;gLtjw;Fr; rhpahd tpjpKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy.
  5. rpy efuq;fspy; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gq;F khw;wq;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.


17. Cf tzpfh; vd;gth; ahh;?
     vjph; fhyj;jpy; ,yhgj;Jld; tpw;Fk; Nehf;Fld; gj;jpuq;fis jw;NghJ thq;Fgth;fis Cf thzpfh; vd;wiof;fpNwhk;. ,th;fs; jhk; thq;fpa gj;jpuq;fis ePz;l fhyk; itj;jpUf;fkhl;lhh;fs;.
     gj;jpuq;fis thq;Fk; NghNj tpw;Fk; vz;zj;jpy;jhd; thq;Ffpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs; cz;ikahd KjyPl;lhsh;fs; my;y.

18. KjyPl;lhsh;fs; vd;gth; ahh;?
     jq;fs; Nrkpg;ig ey;y tUthia <l;bj;jUk; gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL nra;tjw;fhf gj;jpuq;fis thq;Fgth;fNs KjyPl;lhsh;fs; Mthh;.
     ,th;fs; thq;fpa gj;jpuj;jij ePz;l fhyk; tiu itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ,th;fs; ,yhgj;ij nuhf;fkhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,tu;fs; cz;ikahd KjyPl;lhsu;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLthu;.

19. Cf thzpfk; vd;why; vd;d?
     vjph; fhyj;jpy; gq;Fr; re;ijfspy; Vw;gLk; tpiyNaw;w ,wf;fj;jhy; ,yhgk; ngWtjw;fhf gj;jpuq;fis jw;NghJ thq;fp ey;y tpiy fpilf;Fk; nghOJ tpw;gNj Cf tzpfkhFk;. ,j;jifa nraiyr; nra;gth; Cf tzpfh; Mthh;.

20. Cf tzpfj;jpw;Fk; #jhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
Cf thzpfk;
#jhl;lk;
1.  mwpT kw;Wk; njhiyNehf;F ghh;itia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
epfo;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
2.  ,J xU rl;lG+h;tkhd eltbf;ifahFk;.
,J rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd eltbf;ifahFk;.
3.  ,J nghUshjhu gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
nghUshjhuj;jpw;F vt;tpj ed;ikAk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
4.  Cf tzpfh;fs; ,jpy;  Vw;gl;l el;lj;ij jh;f;f hPjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
#jhl;lfhuh;fs; ,jpy;  Vw;gLk; el;lj;ij fz;%bj;jdkhf vjph;ghh;g;gpd; mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.


21.jd; tzpfh; vd;W ahiu Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;?
gq;FfisAk;> fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fisAk; ; jdf;fhf thq;fp tpw;Fk; jdpg;gl;l tpahghhp jd; tzpfu; Mthh;. thq;fpa tpiyf;Fk;> tpw;w tpiyf;Fk; cs;s NtWghNl ,tUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; MjhakhFk;. ,th;fs; cWg;gpdh; my;yhjth;fSld; Neubahf tpahghuk; nra;a KbahJ.
22. jufh; vd;w nrhy; ahiuf; Fwpf;Fk;?
     gj;jpuq;fis thq;Fgth;fSf;Fk;> tpw;gth;fSf;FkpilNa ,ilepiyah;fshfr; nray;gLgth; jufh; Mthh;. ,th;; jdf;fhf gj;jpuq;fis thq;fp tpw;gjpy;iy.
     gj;jpuq;fis thq;Fgth;fisAk;> tpw;gth;fisAk; xd;wpidj;J Nguk; Kbtila ,tu; cjTfpwhh;. ,jw;fhf ,Ujug;gpduplKk; fopT ngWfpwhh;. ,tiu fopT Kfth; vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;.
23. Klthj;J vd;W ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLthh;?
jw;Nghija jk; eltbf;iffspYs;s ,lh;ghLfis jPh;g;gjpy; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w xU fub Cf thzpfiu Klthj;J vd miof;fg;gLk;.
fub Cf tzpfh;> gpd;dh; nfhLg;gjw;fhf jw;NghJ jd;dplk; ,y;yhj gj;jpuq;fis tpw;ghh;. Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; mg;gq;Ffis itj;Js;s vtUk; mij  tpw;f tpUk;ghjjhy; ve;j gq;Fk;  ve;j tpiyapYk; thq;Ftjw;F fpilf;fhky; %iyapy; Klf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Ug;ghh;. ,e;epiyapy; xg;ge;jk; nra;jtUld; Klthj;J Nghy; ,e;j Cf thzpfh; Nghuhl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

24. nrgp vd;why; vd;d?
     ,e;jpag; gq;Fr; re;ijapd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf> gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; nray;fis xOq;Fg;gLj;jTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;> kj;jpa murhy; Vw;gLj;jpa  mikg;Ng nrgpahFk;.

     nrgp vd;gJ ,e;jpag; gj;jpu kw;Wk; khw;wfq;fspd; thhpak; vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;.

     1988 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; xU eph;thf mikg;ghf nrgp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 30.1.1992 md;W ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nrgp rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L mjw;F KO rl;l tbtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
              
25. cldbg; gq;F khw;wfk; vd;why; vd;d?
     mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w gq;F khw;wfq;fspy; gl;baypl Kbahj gq;Ffisf; nfhz;l rpwpa epWkq;fs; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; Fiwfis Nghf;Ftjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;Ng cldbg; gq;F khw;wfk; MFk;.
26. gu];gu epjpapd; tiutpyf;fzk; $Wf?
     gu];gu epjp xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy; rl;lk;  1993 tpjpapd;gb gu];gu epjpnad;gJ mwf;fl;lis my;yJ $l;LU mikg;gpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s xU epjp.
     ,J rpW KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; Nrkpg;igj; jpul;b gj;jpur; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;J> ,yhgj;ijAk;> Mjhaj;ijAk;> tl;biaAk; ngw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
27. Nghy;l; vd;gJ ahJ?
     Nghy;l; vd;gJ gk;gha; Neub thzpfk; vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk; ,J Kk;ig gq;Fr; re;ijapy; 1995 khh;r; Kjy; eilKiwapYs;s xU thzpf nray;ghlhFk;. cyf ehLfspd; gq;F thzpfj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUk; fyg;gpd thzpf Kiwapy; xd;whFk;. ,J Miz kw;Wk; tpiy epytuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLtjhFk;.

28. Nghy;l;bd; rhjidfs; ahit?
1.   ruhrhp gjpyspg;G Neuk; ,uz;L tpdhbfSf;Fk; FiwthdJ
2.   xt;nthU ehSk; ruhrhpahf 3.4 kpy;ypad; re;ijf; Nfs;tpfisr; nray; gLj;JfpwJ.
3.   ,e;j Nghy;l; njhFjp 10>000f;Fk; mjpfkhd cgNahfpg;ghsUf;F ,izg;G nfhLf;f ,aYk;.


gFjp -  ,

1. gj;jpur; re;ijia tpthp?
gj;jpur; re;ijapd; nghUs;:
gj;jpur; re;ij vd;gJ gj;jpuq;fis thq;fp tpw;ff;$ba ,lk; kw;Wk; thq;fp tpw;gth;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J
gj;jpur; re;ijapd; tiffs;:
     gj;jpur; re;ijia ,UngUk; gphpTfshfg;  gphpf;fyhk;.
1. Kjd;ikr; re;ij:
     Kjd;ikr; re;ij vd;gJ Gjpa ntspaPLfSf;fhd re;ijahFk;. Gjpa ntspaPl;Lr; re;ijf;nfd;W jdpg;gl;l cilikj; Njhw;wk; vJTkpy;iy. ,r;re;ij  Gjpa epWkq;fspd; Gjpa gq;FfisAk;> ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epWkq;fspd; fld; gj;jpuq;fisAk; ntspaLk;. ,J epjp Njitg;gLk; epWkq;fSf;Fk;> KjyPL nra;a tpUk;Gk; nghJ kf;fspilNa ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.

2. ,uz;lhk; epiyr;re;ij:
     ,uz;lhk; epiyr; re;ij vd;gJ Kjd;ikr; re;ijapy; ntspapl;l gj;jpuq;fis  kWtpw;gid nra;Ak; re;ijahFk;. ,r;re;ijapd; tsu;r;rp Kjd;ikr;  re;ijiag; nghWj;Nj mikAk;.
     Kjd;ikr; re;ijapy; vt;tsT mjpfkhd epWkq;fs; Gjpa gj;jpuq;fis ntspapLfpwNjh mijg; nghWj;Nj ,jd; tsu;r;rpAk; mikAk;.

4. KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;Fk;> Cf thzpfu; ,tu;fSf;fpilNaAs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
t.
vz;.
KjyPl;lhsu;fs;
Cf tzpfu;fs;
1.      
jq;fs; KjyPLfspd; ghJfhg;igNa nghpJk; tpUk;Gthu;fs;.
jq;fs; KjyPLfspd; kjpg;ig mjpfhpg;gjpYk;> ,yhgk; ngWtjpYk; Fwpahf ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
2.      
jq;fs; KjyPLfspd; %yk;; tUtha; <l;LtijNa tpUk;Gthu;fs;.
gj;jpuq;fis thq;fp tpw;gjd;  %yk; fpilf;Fk; ,yhgj;ijNa tpUk;Gthu;fs;.
3.      
ePz;l fhyj;Jf;Fg; gj;jpuq;fisj; jk;kplk; itj;jpUg;ghh;.
gj;jpuq;fis cldbahf tpw;fNth> thq;fNth Kaw;rpg;ghh;.
4.      
,lh;ghL FiwT
,lh;ghL mjpfk;
5.      
epiyahd tUtha;
Mjhak; epiyaw;wJ.
6.      
,tUila KjyPl;bd; kPjhd tUtha; epWkj;jpd; tUthia nghWj;Nj mikAk;
gq;Fr;re;ijapd; tpiyfspy; Vw;gLk; Vw;w ,wf;fq;fs;; ,tUf;F Mjhakhf mikAk;.
7.      
gj;jpuq;fis thq;Fk;NghJ gzj;ijf; nfhLj;J gj;jpuq;fspd; cilikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;th;. gj;jpuq;fis tpw;Fk;NghJ gzj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;L cilikiaj; jUthu;.
gj;jpuq;fspd; chpikiiag; ngWtNjh my;yJ jUtNjh ,y;iy.


6.Cf tzpfh;fspd; tiffis tpthp?
1. fhis:
                    i.      gj;jpuq;fs; vjph;fhyj;jpy; tpiyNaw;wk; ngWk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fpd;w Cf tzpfh; fhis my;yJ nj[pthyh vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
                  ii.      ,th; vjph;fhyj;jpy; mjpf tpiyapy; gj;jpuq;fis tpw;f ,aYk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; jw;NghJ gj;jpuq;fis thq;f Kidfpwhh;.
                iii.      xU fhis jd;Dila nfhk;Gfshy; vjphpfis caNu my;yJ Nky; Nehf;fp J}f;fp vwptJ Nghy ,e;jtif Cf tzpfh; gj;jpuq;fspd; tpiyia caur; nra;Ak; Nehf;NfhL nray;gLtjhy; fhis vdg; ngaiug; ngw;Ws;shh;.
                iv.      ,tu;>vy;yhk; ed;ikf;fhfNt eilngWk; vd;w kdg;ghq;F cilatu;.

2. fub:
                    i.      vjph;fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l gj;jpuq;fspd; tpiyfs; tPo;r;rp milAk; vd;W vz;Zk; Cf tzpfu; fub my;yJ kz;bthyh vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
                  ii.      xU fub nghJthf jd;Dila vjphpiaj; jiuapy; js;sp mOj;JfpwJ. mNj Nghy xU fub Cf tzpfUk; gq;Fr; re;ijapy; gq;Ffspd; tpiyiaf; fPNo js;Stjw;F Ntz;ba eltbf;iffspy; <LgLthh;.
                iii.      xU fub Cf tzpfh; vjpYk; gpd;Ndhf;fpa kdg;ghq;F nfhz;lth;.

3. fiykhd;:
                    i.      fiykhd; Cf tzpfh; Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifcilath;.
                  ii.      ,th; Kidk Ntl;ilahsh; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
                iii.      ,th; xU epWkj;jpd; gq;Ffs; Kidkj;jpy; tpw;fg;gLk; vd;W mwpe;jTld;> Gjpa tpLg;Gfspy; gq;F  Nfhhp tpz;zg;gk; nra;thh;. jdf;F gq;Ffs; xJf;fg;gl;lhy; mtw;iw Kidkk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L tpw;W tpLthh;.



     4. Klthj;J:
                    i.      jw;Nghija jk; eltbf;iffspYs;s ,lh;ghLfis jPh;g;gjpy; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w xU fub Cf thzpfiu Klthj;J vd miof;fg;gLk;.
                  ii.      fub Cf tzpfh;> gpd;dh; nfhLg;gjw;fhf jw;NghJ jd;dplk; ,y;yhjg; gj;jpuq;fis tpw;ghh;. Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; mg;gq;Ffis itj;Js;s vtUk; mij  tpw;f tpUk;ghjjhy; ve;j gq;Fk;  ve;j tpiyapYk; thq;Ftjw;F fpilf;fhky; %iyapy; Klf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Ug;ghh;. ,e;epiyapy; xg;ge;jk; nra;jtUld; Klthj;J Nghy; ,e;j Cf thzpfh; Nghuhl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

7.Nghy;l; vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ? mjd; Mw;wy;fs; ahit?
Nghy;l; vd;gJ Kk;ig gq;Fr; re;ijapy; khh;r; 1995 Kjy; eilKiwapy; cs;s xU tzpfr; nray;ghlhFk;.
Nghy;l;bd; nray;ghLfs; :
  i.      jufh;fs; jdJ tpiy gl;bay;fs;> Mizfs;> fye;J Muha;e;j Nguq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; jd; mYtyfq;fspypUe;J fzpg;nghwp thapyhf xU kj;jpa thzpf ,ae;jpuj;jpw;F> jufh;fspd; nray; epiyaj;jpd; %yk; mDg;Gth;.
ii.      rpwe;j Vyj; njhifAk;> rpwe;j KidTk;> re;ijj; jfty; xspg;gug;G %yk;; vy;yh jufh;fspd; nray; epiyaj;jpw;Fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
iii.      me;je;j gpizaq;fSf;Fj; jufh;fshy;> nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s thq;fpa kw;Wk; tpw;w MizfSld; mtw;wpd; jw;Nghija re;ij tpiyiag;  nghWj;jpg; ghh;f;fg;gLk;.
iv.      tpiyfs; xg;gplg;gl;L Nguk; Kbe;jTld; me;eltbf;if KbT ngWk;. me;eltbf;if cWjp nra;ag;gl;L mj;jftyfis jufUf;F mDg;gg;gLk;. jufh;fs; mtw;iw efy; vLj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
Nghy;l;bd; Mw;wy;fs; :
  1. kdpj nray;ghLfspy; ,aw;ifahfNt mike;jpUf;fpd;w nraw;jpwkpd;ikiag; Nghf;Ffpd;wJ.
  2. gq;F khw;wfq;fspd; thzpfr; nray;ghLfis mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
  3. eltbf;iffspd; epiyiaj; njspthf CLUtpf;fhl;b nghUe;jptuhj tzpfj;ijj; jtph;f;fpwJ
  4. mwptpg;Gfs;> eltbf;iffspd; epiyia jhkjg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy
  5. etPd njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jlq;fyw;w Kiwapy; re;ij eltbf;iffs; eilngwr; nra;fpd;wJ.
  6. kpd;dpapay; thapyhf jufh;fspd;> gpd; mYtyfj; njhFjpfSld; Neub ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jp thzpf eltbf;iffs; eilngw cjTfpd;wJ.
  7. gq;Ffspd; tpiyfs;> FwpaPLfs; Nghd;w jfty;fis cgNahfpg;ghsUf;F mspf;fpd;wJ.
  8. ed;F Muhag;gl;l jfty;fis gq;F khw;wfq;fSf;F mspf;fpd;wJ.
  9. gy tifahd tuk;Gfis tpjpj;J gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; nray;ghLfis rpwe;j fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;fpwJ.

8. gu];gu epjpafk; tpsf;Ff.
tiutpyf;fzk; :
1.   nrgpapd;> gu];gu epjp xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy; rl;lk;  1993 tpjpapd;gb gu];gu epjpnad;gJ mwf;fl;lis my;yJ $l;LwT mikg;gpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xU epjp.  ,e;j mikg;G rl;l jpl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;L nghJkf;fsplk; ,Ue;J gzj;ijg; ngw;W gy jpl;lq;fspy; rpW myFfshf gy epWtdq;fspy; KjyPL nra;fpwJ.
2.   ,jd; %yk; nghJkf;fSf;F %yjd Mjhak;>tl;b kw;Wk; gq;fhjhak; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ngw;Wj; jUfpwJ. 
3.   rpWJsp ngUnts;sk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb gu];gu epjp nray;gLfpwJ. 
4.   KjyPl;lhshplkpUe;J gzk; ngWtjw;F gu];gu epjp vspa Kiwiaf; filgpbf;fpwJ.
5.   ,e;epjpapd; Kjy; rk kjpg;Gs;s rpW gphpthfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F myFfshf xJf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6.   rpW KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; Nrkpg;igj; jpul;b gj;jpur; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;J ,yhgj;ijAk;>Mjhaj;ijAk;> tl;biaAk; ngWfpwJ.

ed;ikfs; :
1.   rpW KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; Nrkpg;ig xd;W jpul;b mtw;iw epWkq;fspy; KjyPL nra;fpwJ.
2.   gu];gu epjpfs; jk; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;j nrytpy; jpwikahd KjyPl;Lr; Nritahw;Wfpd;wd.
3.   gu];gu epjpfs; jq;fs; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;Fj; thpr;rYiffis mspf;fpd;wd.
4.   rpy gu];gu epjpfs;> myFfis xU jpl;lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU jpl;lj;jpw;F khw;wpf; nfhs;sf;$ba trjp tha;g;ig mspf;fpd;wd.
5.   rpW KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; rpW Nrkpg;ig xd;W jpul;b mtw;iwj; njhopy; epWtdq;fSf;Fj; Kjyhf toq;Ftjhy;> njhopy;Jiw tsh;r;rp milfpwJ.
6.   gu];gu epjpafk; nra;Ak; ,yhgj;ij jkJ thbf;ifahsUf;F gq;fhjhakhf toq;FfpwJ.
7.   gu];gu epjpafk; jq;fspd; KjyPl;il gyjug;gl;l gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gpizaq;fspy; KjyPL nra; J jq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,lh;fis Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ
8.   %yjdr; re;ij tsh;r;rp ngw gu];gu epjpfs; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
9.   rpwpa KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F ePh;ik jd;ikAk; KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd trjpiaAk; mspf;fpwJ.




gFjp -  < (20 marks)

1. gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfs; ahit?
    epWkj;jpw;F ed;ikfs;;:
1.   epWkj;jpd; kjpg;G %yjdr; re;ijapy; caUk;. epWkk; ey;y epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;w vz;zk; cUthFk;.
2.   xU epWkj;jpd; gj;jpuq;fSf;fhd re;ijia gue;j mstpy; tphptilar; nra;fpd;wJ.
3.   gq;F khw;wfj;jpy;> gq;Ffs; thq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;jy; epWkj;jpd; tUtha;> gq;fhjhak;>nrhj;Jf;fspd; kjpg;Gfis  xg;gPL nra;fpwJ.  ,jdhy; epWkg; gq;Ffspd; kjpg;G $Lfpd;wJ.
4.   gq;F khw;wfk; jUfpd;w kiwKfkhd cjtpfshy; Gjpa epWkq;fs; vspjhfj; jdf;Fj; Njitahd KjyPl;bidg; ngw KbfpwJ.
5.   Cf tzpfh;fspd; nray;ghl;bdhy;  gj;jpuq;fspd; tpiyfspy; mbf;fb Vw;gLk; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Fiwfpd;wJ.

KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F ed;ikfs;:
1.   gq;F khw;wfq;fs; KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; tpUg;gj;ijAk;> Mh;tj;ijAk; ghJfhf;fpd;wd.
2.    KjyPl;lhsh;fs; jkJ tpUg;gk;Nghy  gj;jpuq;fis cldbahf thq;fTk; tpw;fTk; cjTfpd;wJ.
3.   gj;jpuq;fSf;fhd epiyahd re;ijiaAk; KjyPLfis gzkhf;Fk; jd;ikiaAk; mspf;fpd;wJ.
4.   gq;F khw;wfj;jpy; thzpfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w gj;jpuq;fs;> fld;fSf;F ey;y gpizaq;fshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
5.   gj;jpu kjpg;Gfis tpiyg;Gs;spfshf ntspapLtjhy; KjyPl;lhsh;fs; jq;fs; KjyPl;bd; kjpg;ig mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
6.   ey;y epjpepiyikAila epWkq;fspd; gq;Ffs; jhd; ngUk;ghYk; gq;F khw;wfj;jpy; thzpfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mjdhy; KjyPl;lhsh;fs; epjpepiyia rPuope;j epWkq;fspy; KjyPL nra;tjpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
rKjhaj;jpw;F Mw;Wk; Nritfs;:
1.   KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; epWkg; gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL nra;tjd; %yk; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F mJ cjtp Ghpfpd;wJ.
2.   gj;jpuq;fspd; tpw;gidia Cf;fg;gLj;jp ; epWkq;fspd; epiyia  cah;j;Jfpd;wJ.
3.   epWtdq;fs; Rygkhf epjpiag; ngWtjw;F gq;F khw;wfq;fs; cjTfpd;wJ.
4.   muRf;Fj; Njitahd epjpia kf;fsplk; fldhfg; ngWtjw;Fk;> ehl;bw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis muR epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd.
5.   fpiljw;fhpa epjp tsq;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j> gq;Fkhw;wfq;fs; cjTfpd;wJ.
6.   ehl;bd; njhopy; epiyia mstpLk; fUtpahf gq;F khw;wfq;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.
gq;F khw;wfq;fspd; FiwghLfs;:
1.   mikg;G Kiwfspy; rPuhd jd;ikAk; fl;Lg;ghLk; ,y;yhjJ Kf;fpaf; FiwghlhFk;.
2.   gq;F khw;wfq;fspy; cWg;gpdh;fshtjw;Ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; VJkpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jnthU gq;F khw;wq;fSk; cWg;gpduhtjw;Fhpa Fiwe;jgl;r fy;tpj;jFjpia tiuaWf;ftpy;iy.
3.   gy Neuq;fspy; gq;F khw;wfq;fs; tpUk;gj; jfhj MNuhf;fpakw;w Cf tzpfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; jtwptpLfpwJ.
4.   gq;F khw;wfq;fspy; gq;Ffs; gl;baypl rhpahd tpjpKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy.
5.   rpy efuq;fspy; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gq;F khw;wfq;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.

5. nrgpapd; Nehf;fk;> ,ay;Gfs;> gzpfs;> mjpfhuk; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff?
     ,e;jpag; gq;Fr; re;ijapd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; nray;fis xOq;Fg;gLj;jTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;> kj;jpa murhy; Vw;gLj;jpa  mikg;Ng nrgpahFk;.
     nrgp vd;gJ ,e;jpag; gj;jpu kw;Wk; khw;wfq;fspd; thhpak; vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;.

nrgpapd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fs;:
                    i.      KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
                  ii.      gj;jpur; re;ij eltbf;iffis Cf;fg;gLj;jp tpuptilar;; nra;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;Jjy;  rhh;e;j eltbf;iffspy; <LgLjy;




nrgpapd; Kf;fpa $Wfs;: (,ay;Gfs;):
1.   nrgp ePbj;j tho;T kw;Wk; nghJKj;jpiuAld; rl;lj;jhy; $l;Lwthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;.
2.   nrgpapd; jiyik mYtyfk; Kk;igapYk>; fpis mYtyfq;fs;> ,e;jpahtpd; kw;w efuq;fspYk; ,aq;FfpwJ.

3.   ,t;thhpak; fPo;f;fz;l cWg;gpdiug; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
m. xU rigj; jiyth;
M. epjp kw;Wk; rl;l mikr;rf mYtyh;fspypUe;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;fs;
,. hprh;t; tq;fp mYtyh;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l xU cWg;gpdh;.
<. NkYk; ,uz;L cWg;gpdh;fs;>
c. rigj; jiyth; kw;Wk; thhpaj;jpd; Ie;J cWg;gpdh;fis kj;jpa murhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4.   nrgpapd; nghJf; fz;fhzpg;G> topfhl;Ljy;> Nkyhz;ik Mfpait cWg;gpduitaplk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j mit  thhpaj;jpd; vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;W nrgpapd; gzpfis epiwNtw;Wk;.
5.   thhpaj;jpd; rigj; jiytiuAk;> kw;w cWg;gpdh;fisAk; mg;nghWg;gpypUe;J ePf;f kj;jpa muRf;F mjpfhuKz;L.
6.   kj;jpa muR epjpAjtp nra;tJld; thhpaj;jpw;F  Njitg;gLk; khdpaq;fisAk; toq;FfpwJ.
7.   nrgpapd; nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; tFf;Fk;nghOJ mtw;wpw;fhd Mizfs; toq;f kj;jpa muRf;F mjpfhuKz;L. thhpak; jtWfs; nra;Ak;nghOJ mtw;iw tpyf;fp> rhp nra;J> eltbf;if vLf;f kj;jpa muRf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L
nrgpapd; gzpfs;:
1.   gq;F khw;wfq;fspd; tpahghuj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jjy;>
2.   gq;Fj; jufh;fs;> Jizj; jufh;fs;> ntspaPl;L tq;fpau;> xg;GWjpahsh;fs; Nghd;w ,ilj;jufh;fspd; nray;ghLfis gjpT nra;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;Jjy;>
3.   gu];gu epjpafq;fs; cs;spl;l KjyPl;L epWtdq;fis gjpT nra;J xOq;FgLj;Jjy;>
4.   Raf;fl;Lg;ghl;L epWtdq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jYk; xOq;FgLj;jYk;>
5.   gj;jpur; re;ijapy;  Neh;ikaw;w> Nkhrbahd tzpf eltbf;iffisj; jil nra;jy;>
6.   KjyPl;lhsh;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;r;rpia tsh;j;jy; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufh;fSf;F gapw;rp mspj;jy;>
7.   gj;jpuq;fSf;fhd cs; tzpfj;ijj; jil nra;jy;>
8.   gj;jpuq;fis fzprkhd mstpy; thq;fp> epWkq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis xOq;FgLj;Jjy;>
9.   gq;F khw;wf mikg;G gw;wpa tptuq;fisg; ngWjy;> gq;F khw;wfq;fis ghpNrhjid nra;jy;> tprhuiz nra;jy;>  jzpf;if nra;jy;.
10.  kj;jpa murhy; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l gzpfisr; nra;jy;.

gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; kPjhd nrgpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;:

1.   gq;F khw;wfj;jplkpUe;J gUt fhy mwpf;iffisf; Nfl;ly;>
2.   rpy Mtzq;fisg; guhkhpg;gJ Fwpj;J gq;F khw;wfq;fSf;F topKiwfis tFj;jspj;jy;>
3.   gq;F khw;wfq;fspd; mYty;fs; Fwpj;J gq;F khw;wq;fisNah (m) mjd; cWg;gpdiuNah mioj;J tptuj;ijf; Nfl;ly;>
4.   gq;Ffis gl;bayplf; Nfhhp nghJ epWkq;fisf; fl;lhag;gLj;jy;>

gj;jpu xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; jd; xU rpy mjpfhuq;fis nrgpf;F xg;gilT nra;a kj;jpa muRf;F mjpfhukspf;fpwJ. mit>
1.   gq;F khw;wfj;jpw;F mq;fPfhuk; mspf;Fk; cupik.
2.   mikg;G> cWg;gpdh;fs; mDkjp Nghd;wtw;wpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; tpjpKiwfis khw;wpaikf;f MizapLk; mjpfhuk;.
3.   gq;F khw;wfq;fspd; Nkyhz;ikf; FOtpd; nray;ghl;il tpyf;fp itf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.
4.   xU mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l gq;F khw;wfj;jpd; eltbf;iffisj; jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itf;Fk; chpik.
5.   Fwpg;gpl;l rpy epiyfspy; xg;ge;jq;fis jil nra;tjw;fhd chpik.


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