வணிகவியல் பாடம்1. அமைப்பு

1. mikg;G

gFjp m

I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf:

1. gpd;tUk; rpwg;gpay;Gfspy; vJ jdp tzpfUf;F Vw;wjy;y

m) jdpegu; cupik            M) jdp kdpj fl;Lg;ghL

,)vy;yh ,yhgKk; tzpfUf;Nf <)nefpo;r;rp jd;ikaw;wJ.

2. jdp cupikahsupd; gad;fs; vd;d?

m) rpWKjy; M) mtru KbT ,) tiuaW Kjy; <) Nkyhz;ik

3. $l;lhz;ik cld;gbf;if vd;gJ?

m) thastpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. M) vOj;J tbtpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;    ,) Kj;jpiuj;

jhspy; vOj;jstpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; <) vOj;J tbtpNyh my;yJ thastpNyh ,Uf;fyhk;.

4. $l;lhz;ik Vw;gLtJ?

m) rl;lj;jpd; gb             M)ntspg;gLj;jpa cld;gbf;ifapd; gb

,)ntspg;gil my;yJ cl;fpil cld;gbf;ifapd; gb <) tk;rh top nrhj;Jupikapd; gb

5.$l;Lg; gq;F epWkj;jpd; Nkyhz;ik xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ

m) epWk gjpthsuplk;          M) ,af;Fduitaplk;

,) gq;Fjhuu;fsplk;            <) fld; gj;jpujhuu;fsplk;

6. gjpT fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;G

m) jdp tzpfu;         M) $l;lhz;ik   

,) $l;Lg; gq;F epWkk;   <) ,e;J $l;Lf; FLk;gk;

7. $l;LwT mikg;gpy;

m) xU gq;FxU thf;F Kiw filgpbf;fg;gl;LfpwJ

M) xU egu; xU thf;F Kiw filgpbf;fg;gl;LfpwJ

,) xU egUf;F ,U thf;Fupikfs; cz;L    <) gq;Ffs; khw;wpay;G jd;ik nfhz;lit.

8. $l;LwT rq;fq;fs; njhlq;fg;gLtJ

m) fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; kl;Lk;                     M) fpuhkg; Gwq;fspYk;> efu;g;Gwq;fspYk;

,) efuq;fspy; kl;Lk;                          <) khepy jiyefuq;fspy; kl;Lk;

9. ghJfhg;G njhopw;rhiyfSf;F Vw;w cfu;e;j njhopy;Kiw mikg;G

m) muR epWkk;    M) nghJf; $l;LU      ,) JiwKiw mikg;G     <) thupa mikg;G

10. muR epWkj;jpd; gq;F KjyPL .. . . . . . . f;F Fiwahky; muR ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

m) 75%    M 60%     ,) 95%     <) 51%

11. xU gd;dhl;L epWkk; . . . . . vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) cyf mstpy; ngupaJ M) $l;lhz;ik     ,) $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;      <) nghJf; $l;LU

12. xU FLk;gj;jpy; gpwg;gpd; %yk; cWg;Gik Vw;gLtJ

m) jdp tzpfk;   M) ,e;Jf; $l;Lf; FLk;gk;    ,) $l;LwT rq;fk;    <) $l;lhz;ik

13. xU tpahghuj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F ,d;wpaikahjJ

m) Kjy;   M)vspik        ,) mikg;G      <) Nrit Nehf;F

14. ,e;Jf; $l;Lf; FLk;gj;jpd; jiytu; vd;gtu; ngau;

m) jfg;gd;      M) fu;j;jh      ,) FLk;gj; jiytd;     <) $l;L thupRfs;

15. $l;lhspfSf;fpilNa xg;ge;jk; VJk; ,y;iynadpy; mtu;fs; ,yhg el;lj;ij . . . .gpupj;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;

m) Kjy; tpfpjj;jpy;       M) rk tpfpjj;jpy; ,) eLtu; jPu;g;gpd;gb <) ,tw;wpy; vJTkpy;iy.

16. gq;Fjhuu;fs; epWtdj;jpd; . . . . . Mthu;fs;

m) cWg;gpdu;fs;   M) $l;LthupRjhuu;fs;    ,) fldPe;Njhu;     <) $l;;lhspfs;

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:

1. Ntiyg;gfpu;T Kiw vd;gJ ......................
2. xg;gilT vd;gJ ......................vd;gjhFk;.
3. jdp tzpfupd; nghWg;G ......................
4. $l;lhspfs; ,yhg el;lq;fis ....................... gpupj;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;.
5. ,e;jpahtpy; $l;lhz;ik gjpT vd;gJ ......................
6. $l;LwT rq;fj;jpy; vy;yh cWg;gpdu;fSk; .......................
7. xU epWkk; vd;gJ ...................... fUjg;gLfpwJ.
8. njhiy J}u xypgug;G ......................mikg;gpd; fPo; tUfpwJ.
9. nghJf; $l;LUit ......................vdf; $wyhk;.
10. jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thupak; . ....................... f;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
11. murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; ....................... rhjfkhf cs;sJ.
12. muR epWkj;jpd; Copau;fs; ...................... . my;yu;.
13. jdpegh; fl;Lg;ghL cyfpNyNa rpwe;jJ vdf; $wpath; ______________
14. jdpahs; tzpfk; ______________ mstpy; nray;gLfpwJ.

tpilfs;:

I.                   1. nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikaw;wJ 2) tiuaW Kjy; 3) Kj;jiuj;jhspy; vOj;jstpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; 4) ntspg;gLj;jpa cld;gbf;if 5) ,af;Feuitaplk; 6) $l;Lg;gq;F epWkk; 7) xU egu; xU thf;F Kiw filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ 8) fpuhkg; Gwq;fspYk; efu;g;Gwq;fspYk; 9) Jiw Kiw mikg;G 10) 51% 11) cyf mstpy; ngupaJ 12) ,e;Jf; $l;Lf; FLk;gk 13) mikg;G 14) fu;j;jh 15) rk tpfpjj;jpy;  16) cWg;gpdu;fs;

II.  1. Jiwg;gLj;Jjy; 2) xg;gilj;jy; 3) tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ 4) xg;Gf; nfhz;l tpfpjg;gb 5) tpUg;gj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ 6) rkk; 7) GidT egu; 8) JiwKiw mikg;G 9) rl;lKiw epWkk; 10) thupa mikg;G 11) gd;dhl;L epWkk; 12) muR Copau; 13) tpy;ypak; R.Ngrl;14) rpwpa

gFjp M

1. mikg;ig tiuaW?

     Yhap];.vr;.N`Nd ,yf;fzg; gb ‘mikg;G vd;gJ nghJthd Nehf;fk; my;yJ Nehf;fq;fis ntw;wpailar; nra;tjw;fhf> ,zf;fkhd rpwg;G tha;e;j gFjpapidr; rupfl;lf; $banjhd;whFk;.”

2. jutupir Kiwf; Nfhl;ghL vd;why; vd;d?

Ø  MizAupikapd; tupir cau;kl;lj;jpYs;s cau; mYtyuplkpUe;J fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;s njhopyhsu;fs;; tiu gbg;gbahf fPo;Nehf;fp tuNtz;Lk;.

Ø  ,jw;F ‘fl;lis ,izg;G” vd;W ngau;;.

Ø  Xu; cau; mYtyu; jdf;F fPo; gzpahw;Wk; gzpahsUf;F MizAupikia toq;Ffpwhu;.

Ø   

3. xUq;fpizj;jypd; nghUs; vd;d?

v  xU mikg;gpd; tpUk;gj;jf;f ,yf;fpid mila> mjd; midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; xUq;fpizf;f Ntz;Lk;.

v  xU gz;lfrhiy ,yhgk; ngwNtz;Lnkdpy; mjd; nfhs;Kjy; JiwAk; tpw;gidj; JiwAk; xUq;fpize;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

v  xU Jiwthup gz;lfrhiyapy; cs;s xt;nthU JiwAk; kw;w JiwAld; fye;jhuha;e;J KbT vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. jdp tzpf mikg;G vd;why; vd;d?

Ø  jdp eguhy; jdp egUf;nfd;W  cUthf;fg;gl;L fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpahghu mikg;G> jdp tzpf mikg;ghFk;.

Ø  jdpahs; tzpfk; njhopy; tbtikg;Gf;fspy; kpfg; goikahdJ MFk;.

Ø  ,t;tikg;gpy; xUtNu KjyPL nra;Jk; Nkyhz;ik nra;Jk; tUfpwhh;.

Ø  jdpegNu,yhgel;lq;fis Vw;W elj;Jthu;.

5 .$l;lhz;ik vd;w gjj;jpid tpsf;Ff?

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; xd;wpize;J rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l njhopiyr; nra;J tUtNj $l;lhz;ikahFk;. ,e;jpaf; $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lk; 1932 gpupT 4 d; gb ‘vy;NyhUk; Nru;e;Njh my;yJ vy;NyhUf;Fkhf xUtNuh> elj;Jk; njhopypd; ,yhgj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s xg;Gf; nfhz;l egu;fspilNa epyTk; cwT Kiw $l;lhz;ik MFk;.”

6.fu;j;jh vd;gtu; ahu;?

,e;Jf; $l;Lf;FLk;gjpd;; jiyik cWg;gpdUf;F fu;j;jhvd;W ngau;.

7.$l;LwT mikg;G gw;wp eP mwptJ vd;d?

$l;LwTr; rq;fk; vd;gJ egu;fs; jhkhfNt mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; rq;fkhFk;. xNu ,lj;jpy; trpg;gtu;fs; jq;fspd; nghUshjhu eyd; fUjp xd;W NrUk; xU mikg;Ng $l;LwT MFk;.

$l;LwT mikg;gpy; midtUk; rkk;. xU egUf;F xUthf;F vd;w Nfhl;ghL filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.  ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; Nrit nra;tjhFk;.

8.nghJf;$l;LU vd;why; vd;d?

ghuhSkd;wk; (m) rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,aw;wpa jdpr; rl;lj;jhy;  cz;lhf;fg;gLk; xU  mikg;G nghJf;$l;LU MFk;. ,J xU rl;lKiwf; fofkhFk;. Vnddpy;  ,J jdpr;rl;lj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh:

·         ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp

·         U.T.I (Unit Trust of India)

·         ,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofk;>

·         muR tzpff; fofk;

9. thupa mikg;gpd; nghUs; gw;wp $Wf?

murhq;fj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghJj;Jiw mikg;gpy; xd;Nw thupa mikg;ghFk;. ,e;j mikg;gpd; Nkyhz;ik murhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l FOtplk; cs;sJ. ,t;tikg;G jdp rl;lj;jhy; xOq;F gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh:                                

·         jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thupak;>

·         jkpo;ehL tPl;L trjp thupak;

·         jkpo;ehL FbePu; kw;Wk; tbfhy;  thupak;

10. gd;dhl;L epWkj;jpd; v.fh jUf?

gpypg;];	lr;R
A+dp yPtu; ypkpnll;	gpupl;b\;
A+dpad; fhu;igL	mnkupf;fh
,d;lu; Ne\dy; gprpnd]; nk\pd; (IBM)	mnkupf;fh
Nfh Nfh Nfhyh fofk;	mnkupf;fh

gFjp -  ,

1) ,e;Jf; $l;Lf;FLk;gk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf?

Ø  ,k;Kiw ,e;jpahtpy; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ.

Ø  ,J ,e;Jr; rl;j;jpd;gb xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Ø  %d;W jiyKiwiar; Nrh;e;jth;fis cWg;gpdh;fshff; nfhz;L nray;gLfpwJ.

Ø  ,e;Jf; $l;Lf;FLk;g jiyik cWg;gpdUf;F fu;j;jh vd;W ngau;.

Ø  je;ij> jha;> kfd;> kfs;> kfdpd; kfd;> kfdpd; kfs;> MfpNahu; $l;L thupRjhuu;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;.

Ø  ,tu;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; $l;Lr; nrhj;jhFk;.

Ø  ,t;tzpf mikg;gpy; ngUk;ghYk; tptrhak;> tptrhak; rhu;e;j njhopy;fs;> ifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; rpW njhopy;fs; Nghd;w njhopy;fisr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

Ø  ,e;Jf; $l;Lf;FLk;gk;  vd;gJ> xNu ,lj;jpy; trpj;J> topghL elj;jp> xNu tifahd czT tiffis cz;L xU FLk;gj;jpYs;s nrhj;jpy; gq;Nfw;gtu;fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;

Ø kpl;lf;rhuh> jhaghfh vDk; ,Url;lf; $Wfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

    

2. VNjDk; ,uz;L jdpegu; tpahghu mikg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf?

I. jdpahs; tzpfk;:

1. jdpeguhy; jdpegUf;nfd;W elj;jg;gLk; tpahghu mikg;G  jdpahs; tzpfk; MFk;.

2. jdpahs; tzpfk; njhopy; tbtikg;Gf;fspy; kpfg; goikahdJ MFk;.

3.jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,yhgel;lk; KOtJk; jdp egiuNa NrUk;.

4.jdpahs; tzpfj;jpd; nghWg;G tiuawhg; nghWg;ghFk;.

5.jdpahs; tzpfj;ij gjpT nra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhakpy;iy.

6. jdpahs; thzpfj;jpy; tpahgu ,ufrpak; fhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

7. jdpahs; thzpfj;jpy; tpiuthf KbntLf;f KbAk;.

II $l;lhz;ik:

1.   ,e;jpaf; $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lk; 1932 gpupT 4 d; gb ‘vy;NyhUk; Nru;e;Njh my;yJ vy;NyhUf;Fkhf xUtNuh> elj;Jk; njhopypd; ,yhgj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s xg;Gf; nfhz;l egu;fspilNa epyTk; cwT Kiw $l;lhz;ik MFk;.”

2.   rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l njhopiyr; nra;J tUtNj $l;lhz;ik MFk;.

3.   xg;ge;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf $l;lhz;ik cUthfpwJ.;.

4.   $l;lhz;ikiaj; Jtq;f Fiwe;j gl;r egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 2 egu;fs;> mjpf gl;r egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if tq;fpj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jhy; 10 egu;fSk;> tq;fpj; njhopy; my;yhj gpw njhopy;fshf ,Ue;jhy;  20 egu;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5.   $l;lhz;ikapd; ,yhg el;lk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

6.   xg;ge;jk; ,y;yhj NghJ ,yhg el;lj;ij rkkhf gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

7.   $l;lhz;ikapy;> $l;lhspfspd; nghWg;G tiuawh $l;L kw;Wk; jdpg; nghWg;ghFk;.

8.   ,e;jpahtpy; $l;lhz;ikg; gjpT fl;lhakpy;iy> $l;lhspfs; tpUg;gg;;gl;lhy; gjpT nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

9.    $l;lhz;ikapy; $l;lhspfspilNa Kjy;tu;>Kftu; cwT Kiw epyTfpwJ.

3. jdp tzpfupd; vy;yhf; FiwfisAk; $l;lhz;ik fisfpwjh?

     jdpahs; tzpfj;jpd; Fiwfisf; fistjw;fhfNt $l;lhz;ik cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; xU rpy FiwghLfs; $l;lhz;ikapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l 1. Fiwthd Kjy;>2 .tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nkyhz;ikj; jpwd;>3.ahuplKk; fye;jhNyhrpf;f tha;g;G ,y;yhik>4. KO el;lj;ijAk; xUtNu Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; mghak; Nghd;w Fiwfs; $l;lhz;ikapy; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; fisag;gl;lJ.

,t;thW xUrpy Fiwfs; $l;lhz;ikahy; fisag;gl;lhYk;>; jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l  Fiwfs; $l;lhz;ikapYk;  fhzg;gLfpwJ.   mit>

1. Fiwthd epjptoq;fy;>2. ePbj;j tho;tpd;ik>3. nrhe;j nrhj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; tiuawhg; nghWg;G>4.Ngustpy; njhopy; nra;a ,ayhik> Nghd;w Fiwfs; $l;lhz;ikapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

4. ve;jf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf mikg;igg; gw;wp gbg;gJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ?

mikg;igg; gw;wp mwpa Kf;fpa fhuzk;:

     kdpj tho;tpd; xt;nthU jUzq;fspYk; mikg;ghdJ gutpAs;sJ. (v.fh) xU kdpjdpd; gpwg;G> kUj;jtkiz vd;Dk; mikg;gpy; epfo;fpwJ. mtDila fy;tpahdJ gs;sp> fy;Y}up kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;Dk; mikg;G %yk; fpilf;fpwJ. mtDila gzpahdJ mYtyfk;> njhopw;$lk; kw;Wk; tpahghu mikg;G %yk; fpilf;fpwJ.

     xU Nkyhsu;> mikg;G gw;wpa nra;jpfis mwpe;jhy; jhd;> jdJ  gzpapy;  jpwiahf nray;gl KbAk;.    

mikg;G vd;gJ  jpUg;jp mspf;Fk; tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynad;why; ,yf;Ffis miltJ fbdk;.

mikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;:

1.   ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;jy;

2.   ,yf;fpid epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; eltbf;iffis njhFjpahfg; gpupj;jy;.

3.   njhFjpfshfg; gpupj;j eltbf;iffis nray;gLj;j mtw;iw xg;gilj;jy; .

4.   midj;Jg; gzpfisAk; xUq;fpizj;jy;.

gFjp - <

1. mikg;gpd; Nfhl;ghLfis RUf;fkhf tpthp?

mikg;gpd; Nfhl;ghLfs; :

1. Nehf;fq;fspd; xUik :

     xU mikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhdJ ,yf;fpid milaf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; njspthfTk; epiwNtWk; tifapYk; mjd; eltbf;if,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. Ntiyg; gfpu;T:

     xU njhopy; mikg;gpd; nkhj;jg; gzpr;Rikia gfpu;T nra;tNj Ntiyg; gfpu;thFk;. ,ij ‘Jiwg;gLj;Jjy;”; vdTk; miof;fyhk;.

3. fl;Lg;ghl;L tPr;nry;iy:

     xU mikg;gpd; Nkyhz;ikau; jdf;Ff;  fPo; mjpfg; gzpahsu;fis  epu;tfpf;f KbahJ. xU mjpfhup vj;jid gzpahsu;fis epu;tfpf;f KbAk; vd;gij fl;Lg;ghl;L tPr;nry;iy Fwpf;Fk;.

4. jutupirf; Nfhl;ghL:

MizAupikapd; tupir cau;kl;lj;jpYs;s cau; mYtyuplkpUe;J fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;s njhopyhsu;fs;; tiu gbg;gbahf fPo;Nehf;fp tuNtz;Lk;. ,jw;F ‘fl;lis ,izg;G” vd;W ngau;;.

     Xu; cau; mYtyu; jdf;F fPo; gzpahw;Wk; gzpahsUf;F MizAupikia toq;Ffpwhu;.

5. gzptop tiutpyf;fzk;:

     xU gzpahshpd; MizAhpikAk;> nghWg;Gk; njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gLjy; mtrpak;. xt;nthU gzpfSf;fpilNaAs;s njhlh;Gfisg; gw;wp  njspthff; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;.

6.  xU Kid ,af;fk;:

     xt;nthU FO eltbf;iffspd; Nehf;fq;fs;> ntw;wpaila xU jiyikAk; jpl;lkpLjYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xUmikg;gpd; gzpfis epiwNtw;w,J mtrpakhfpwJ.

7. xUq;fpizj;jy;:

xU mikg;gpd; tpUk;gj;jf;f ,yf;fpid mila> mjd; midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; xUq;fpizf;f Ntz;Lk;.

xU gz;lfrhiy ,yhgk; ngwNtz;Lnkdpy; mjd; nfhs;Kjy; JiwAk; tpw;gidj; JiwAk; xUq;fpize;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

8.mjpfhu xg;gilT:

     xg;gilT vd;gJ gzpfspd; xU gFjpia fPo; gzpahw;Wk; gzpahsu;fSf;F xg;gilg;gjhFk;. mjhtJ cah; mYtyh; jdf;Ff; fPo; gzpahw;Wk; gzpahsh;f;Fr; rpy gzpfis xg;gilf;fpwhh;.

9. jpwik:

     ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ‘jpwikNa’ ke;jpur; nrhy;yhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpf;Nfhis milaTk;> Fiwe;j nrytpy; gzpfis epiwNtw;wTk;> jpwikahd Kiwapy; nray;ghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

10. fl;lis xUik (xUik cj;jpuT):

     xt;nthU gzpahsUk; fl;lisfis jdJ cah; mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;J ngwNtz;Lk;. xU gzpahsh; ,uz;L cah; mjpfhhpfspd; fPo; gzpahw;WtJ fbdk;.

     xU gzpahsh; ,uz;L mjpfhhpfspd; fPo; gzpahw;Wtij jtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb ,Ue;jhy; Fog;gk; Vw;gl tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;.

11. nghWg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL:

     Xh; cah; mYtyh; jdf;F fPo; gzpahw;Wk; gzpahsh;fspd; nray;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghfpwhh;. mth; jdJ flikapypUe;J Kw;wpYk; jg;gpf;f ,ayhJ. xt;nthU mYtyUk; jdJ NkyjpfhhpfSf;F nghWg;ghfpwhh;.

12. nefpo;Tj;jd;ik:

     khWk; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g mikg;G khwf;$ba tifapy; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.  rPh;Fiytpd;wp tphpTgLj;jf;$ba tifapy;  ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

13. jdpj;jpwik:

     Xh; mikg;ig cUthf;Ftjpy; jdpegh; jpwik Kf;fpak; vd;gjhy; gzpahsh;fspd; Njh;Tk;> ,l mkh;Tk;> gapw;rpAk; mtrpakhfpwJ.

14. vspik:

     mikg;gpd; Nfhl;ghlhdJ  vspikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjpfhug; gbepiy kl;lq;fs; mjpfkpUe;jhy;  Fog;gKk; NkhjYk; Vw;gLk;. 

2. gy;NtW tifahd njhopy; tbtikg;Gfisg;  gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf?

1.  jdp thzpfk;:

       jdpeguhy; jdpegUf;nfd;W elj;jg;gLk; tpahghu mikg;G  jdpahs; tzpfk; MFk;.   jdpahs; tzpfk; njhopy; tbtikg;Gf;fspy; kpfg; goikahdJ MFk;. 

       jdpahs; tzpfj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,yhgel;lk; KOtJk; jdp egiuNa NrUk;. jdpahs; tzpfj;jpd; nghWg;G tiuawhg; nghWg;ghFk;.

       jdpahs; tzpfj;ij gjpT nra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhakpy;iy. jdpahs; thzpfj;jpy; tpahgu ,ufrpak; fhf;fg;gLfpwJ. jdpahs; thzpfj;jpy; tpiuthf KbntLf;f KbAk;.

2.  ,e;Jf; $l;Lf;FLk;g thzpfk;:

     ,k;Kiw ,e;jpahtpy; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ.   %d;W jiyikiar; Nrh;e;jth;fis cWg;gpdh;fshff; nfhz;L nray;gLfpwJ.

     ,t;tzpf Kiwapy;> FLk;g jiyik cWg;gpdUf;F fh;j;jh vd;W ngau;. NkYk; ,t;thzpfj;jpy; je;ij>jha; kfd;> kfs; kfdpd; kfd;> kfdpd; kfs; Mfpa midtUk; cWg;gpduhf mlq;Fthh;fs;.

     ,t;tzpf mikg;gpy; ngUk;ghYk; tptrhak;> tptrhak; rhu;e;j njhopy;fs;> ifj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; rpW njhopy;fs; Nghd;w njhopy;fisr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

3.  $l;lhz;ik:

,e;jpaf; $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lk; 1932 gpupT 4 d; gb ‘vy;NyhUk; Nru;e;Njh my;yJ vy;NyhUf;Fkhf xUtNuh> elj;Jk; njhopypd; ,yhgj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s xg;Gf; nfhz;l egu;fspilNa epyTk; cwT Kiw $l;lhz;ik MFk;.”

      $l;lhz;ik xg;ge;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf cUthfpwJ.  $l;lhz;ikiaj; Jtq;f Fiwe;j gl;r egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 2 egu;fs;> mjpf gl;r egu;fspd; vz;zpf;if tq;fpj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jhy; 10 egu;fSk;> tq;fpj; njhopy; my;yhj gpw njhopy;fshf ,Ue;jhy; 20 egu;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. $l;Lg; gq;F epWkk;:

     NgusT njhopy; nra;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G $l;Lg; gq;F epWkk; MFk;. ,J Jtq;f mjpf Kjy; Njit. 

,e;jpa epWkr;rl;lk; 1956d;gb  xU epWkj;ij fl;lhakhf gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. epWkj;jpd; Kjy; gy rk myFfshf gphpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jw;F gq;F vd;W ngah;. ,ij itj;jpUg;gth; gq;Feh; Mthh;. gq;Fjhuh;fs; epWkj;jpd; cz;ikahd cupikahsu;fs; Mthu;fs;.

5. $l;LwT mikg;G:

$l;LwTr; rq;fk; vd;gJ egu;fs; jhkhfNt mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; rq;fkhFk;. xNu ,lj;jpy; trpg;gtu;fs; jq;fspd; nghUshjhu eyd; fUjp xd;W NrUk; xU mikg;Ng $l;LwT MFk;.

$l;LwT mikg;gpy; midtUk; rkk;. xU egUf;F xUthf;F vd;w Nfhl;ghL $l;LwT mikg;gpy; filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.  ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; Nrit nra;tjhFk;.

6. gd;dhl;L epWkq;fs;:

gy ehLfspy; ,aq;fp tUk; epWkj;ijNa gd;dhl;L epWkk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU gd;dhl;L epWkk; vd;gJ xU tpahghuj;ij njhlq;fp ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; Nkyhz;ik nra;J tUtjhFk;.

gd;dhl;L epWkj;ij cyf mstpy; gyk; kpf;ftd; my;yJ cyf tpahghuk; my;yJ gd;dhl;L tpahghuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh. 1) A+dpypth; ypkpnll;–gphpl;b\;> 2) gpypg;];–lr;R> 3) A+dpad; fhh;igL–mnkhpf;fh>

4) ,d;lh;Ne\dy; gprpd]; nk\pd; –mnkhpf;fh> 5) NfhNfh Nfhyh fofk;  –mnkhpf;fh

7. JiwKiw mikg;G:

nghJj;Jiw mikg;gpy; kpfTk; goikahdJ JiwKiw mikg;ghFk;. ,J murhq;fj;jpd; mikr;rfj;jhy; elj;jp> eph;thf mjpfhhpfshy; eph;thfk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

     ,J murhq;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf nray;gLfpwJ. kj;jpa murhNyh my;yJ khepy murhNyh ,t;tikg;G elj;jg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh.:1. ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiw  2.njhiyg;Ngrpj; Jiw  3. njhiyf;fhl;rpj;Jiw

8. nghJf; $l;LU

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jdpr; rl;lj;jhy;  cz;lhf;fg;gLk; xU  mikg;G nghJf;$l;LU MFk;. ,J xU rl;lKiwf; fofkhFk;. Vnddpy;  ,J jdpr;rl;lj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

·         ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp

·         U.T.I (Unit Trust of India)

·         ,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofk;

9. muR epWkq;fs;

      xU epWkj;jpy;  ‘nrYj;jg;gl;l gq;F Kjypy; 51%k;“ kj;jpa muNrh my;yJ khepy muNrh my;yJ kj;jpa khepy muRfNsh ngw;wpUe;jhy; mJ muR epWkk; MFk;.

     ,e;jpa epWkr; rl;lk; 1956d;gb Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. muR epWkj;jpd; Copah;fs; muR Copah; my;y.

·         ngy;

·         nra;y;

10. thhpa mikg;G:

murhq;fj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghJj;Jiw mikg;gpy; xd;Nw thupa mikg;ghFk;. ,e;j mikg;gpd; Nkyhz;ik murhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l FOtplk; cs;sJ. ,t;tikg;G jdp rl;lj;jhy; xOq;F gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

1. jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpak;

2. jkpo;ehL tPl;Ltrjp thhpak;

3. jkpo;ehL FbePh; kw;Wk; tbfhy; thhpak;

3. gd;dhl;L epWkq;fs; gw;wp eP mwptJ ahJ? mjd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gw;wp vOJf.

gd;dhl;L epWkk; vd;w nrhy; gpd;tUk; nghUisj; jUfpwJ.

gd; +  ehL   +  epWkk;

gd;=  gy (m) mNef

ehL=  Njrk; (m) Njrq;fs;>epWkk;=  tpahghu mikg;G

     ,t;thwhf> gd;dhl;L epWkk; vd;gJ gy ehLfspilNa ,aq;fp tUk; tpahghu mikg;igf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

1. tiutpyf;fzk;

gy ehLfspy; ,aq;fp tUk; epWkj;ijNa gd;dhl;L epWkk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.  ,jw;F gd;dhl;L tpahghuk;> cyf tpahghuk; kw;Wk;  cyf mstpy; gyk; kpf;ftd; vd gy ngah;fs; cz;L.

 gd;dhl;L epWkk; vd;gJ> xU tpahghuj;ij njhlq;fp ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; Nkyhz;ik nra;J tUtjhFk;.

2  v.fh.

1.   A+dpypth; ypkpnll;               –    gphpl;b\;

2.   gpypg;];                        –    lr;R

3.   A+dpad; fhh;igL                –    mnkhpf;fh

4.   ,d;lh;Ne\dy; gprpd]; nk\pd;          –    mnkhpf;fh

5.   NfhNfh Nfhyh fofk;             –    mnkhpf;fh

3.gd;dhl;L epWkj;jpd; nray;ghLfs;

,d;W cyfstpy; 500 Kjy; 700 tiu gd;dhl;L epWkq;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; rhpghjp mnkhpf;fhtpYk; kPjpAs;sit mjw;F ntspapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mnkhpf;fhit jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;Ls;s gd;dhl;L epWkq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd KjyPLfis If;fpa ehLfs;>U.K>n[h;kdp> [g;ghd;> gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; fdlh Mfpa ehLfspypUe;J Nehpilahfg; ngWfpwJ.

4.gd;dhl;L epWkj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:

1.   xU gd;dhl;L epWkk; xNu rkaj;jpy; gy ehLfspy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.

2.   gy ehLfspilNa eilngWk; tpahghu mikg;G vd;gjhy; kpfg;nghpa mstpy; nray;gLfpwJ.

3.   gd;dhl;L epWkk; may;ehl;L KjyPl;il Neubahfg; ngWfpwJ.

4.   tsUk; ehLfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cjTk; tifapy; Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.

5.   tsUk; ehLfspy; fhzg;gLk; ,aw;if tsq;fis KOikahfg; gad;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

     murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; gd;dhl;L epWkq;fSf;F rhjfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,e;epWkq;fspd; vjpu;fhyk; kpfr; rpwe;jjhf tpsq;Fk;. NkYk; may;ehl;bd; KjyPL fhuzkhf tsu;e;J tUk; ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfs; Kd;Ndw ,e;epWkk; ngupJk; cjTfpwJ.